| Tachykinin family | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Structure of the tachykinin peptide Kassinin.[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Tachykinin | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF02202 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR002040 | ||||||||
| SMART | TK | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00240 | ||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1myu / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||
| OPM superfamily | 143 | ||||||||
| OPM protein | 1myu | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest families of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals. They were so named due to their ability to rapidly induce contraction of gut tissue.[2] The tachykinin family is characterized by a common C-terminal sequence, Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an Aromatic or an Aliphatic amino acid. The genes that produce tachykinins encode precursor proteins called preprotachykinins, which are chopped apart into smaller peptides by posttranslational proteolytic processing. The genes also code for multiple splice forms that are made up of different sets of peptides.
Tachykinins[3][4][5] excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. Tachykinins are from ten to twelve residues long.
The two human tachykinin genes are called TAC1 and TAC3 for historical reasons, and are equivalent to Tac1 and Tac2 of the mouse, respectively. TAC1 encodes neurokinin A (formerly known as substance K), neuropeptide K (which has also been called neurokinin K[6]), neuropeptide gamma, and Substance P.[7] Alpha, beta, and gamma splice forms are produced; the alpha form lacks exon 6 and the gamma form lacks exon 4. All three splice forms of TAC1 produce substance P, but only the beta and gamma forms produce the other three peptides. Neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma are N-terminally longer versions of neurokinin A that appear to be final peptide products in some tissues.[2]
TAC3 encodes neurokinin B.[8]
The best known tachykinin is Substance P.
- ^ Grace RC, Lynn AM, Cowsik SM (February 2001). "Lipid induced conformation of the tachykinin peptide Kassinin". J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 18 (4): 611–21, 623–5. doi:10.1080/07391102.2001.10506693. PMID 11245256. S2CID 42266413.
- ^ a b Carter MS, Krause JE (July 1990). "Structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neuropeptide gamma". J. Neurosci. 10 (7): 2203–14. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-07-02203.1990. PMC 6570392. PMID 1695945.
- ^ Maggio JE (1988). "Tachykinins". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11: 13–28. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.000305. PMID 3284438.
- ^ Helke CJ, Krause JE, Mantyh PW, Couture R, Bannon MJ (1990). "Diversity in mammalian tachykinin peptidergic neurons: multiple peptides, receptors, and regulatory mechanisms". FASEB J. 4 (6): 1606–15. doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.6.1969374. PMID 1969374. S2CID 25935155.
- ^ Avanov AIa (1992). "Tachykinins and conformational aspects of their interactions with receptors". Mol. Biol. (Mosk). 26 (1): 5–24. PMID 1324401.
- ^ Dornan WA, Vink KL, Malen P, Short K, Struthers W, Barrett C (August 1993). "Site-specific effects of intracerebral injections of three neurokinins (neurokinin A, neurokinin K, and neurokinin gamma) on the expression of male rat sexual behavior". Physiol. Behav. 54 (2): 249–58. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90107-Q. PMID 7690487. S2CID 33412235.
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): TAC1 - 162320
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): TAC3 - 162330