![]() | This page in a nutshell: These templates format citations. They are like {{cite book}}, {{cite journal}}, etc., except that they use the Vancouver system, a popular citation style in science and medicine. |
![]() | This template uses TemplateStyles: |
These templates format citations to sources. They have the following major variants:
cite
" with "vcite
" in its output.These templates can be used in Wikipedia footnotes and in article sections that list sources. They generally follow the Vancouver system as specified by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).[1] For performance reasons they do not generate COinS metadata (see Rationale below); otherwise, they act much like {{cite book}}, {{cite journal}}, etc.
Another alternative is to use the |vauthors=
parameter in the regular {{cite book}}, {{cite journal}}, etc. templates. This will format the authors according to the Vancouver system and generate clean meta data (see Template:Cite journal#COinS).
See Examples below for filled-out examples.
{{vcite book
|author=
|
chapter=
|
title=
|
publisher=
|
date=
|
isbn=
|
pages= }}
{{vcite book
|author=
|
chapter=
|
editor=
|
title=
|
publisher=
|
date=
|
isbn=
|
pages= }}
{{vcite journal
|author=
|
title=
|
journal=
|
date=
|
volume=
|
issue=
|
pages=
|
url=
|
doi=
|
pmid=
|
pmc= }}
{{vcite news
|author=
|
title=
|
url=
|
work=
|
date= }}
{{vcite web
|author=
|
home=
|
title=
|
url=
|
date=
|
accessdate= }}
The core templates have names starting with vcite
, such as {{vcite book}}.
{{vcite book
|author=
|
author.=
|
chapter=
|
chapter.=
|
trans_chapter=
|
chapter-url=
|
chapterformat=
|
editor=
|
title=
|
title.=
|
trans_title=
|
url=
|
contenttype=
|
format=
|
editionphrase=
|
editionphrase.=
|
secondaryauthor=
|
volumephrase=
|
volumetitle=
|
volumepagination=
|
location=
|
publisher=
|
date=
|
update=
|
accessdate=
|
pagination=
|
physicaldescription=
|
serieseditor=
|
series=
|
seriesvolumephrase=
|
language=
|
doi=
|
doi-broken-date=
|
id=
|
isbn=
|
oclc=
|
quote=
|
lay-summary=
|
lay-source=
|
lay-date=
|
notes=
|
chapterid=
|
chapterupdate=
|
chapteraccessdate=
|
pages=
|
at=
|
chapterlanguage=
|
harvid=
|
ref= }}
{{vcite journal
|author=
|
author.=
|
title=
|
title.=
|
trans_title=
|
articletype=
|
journal=
|
journal.=
|
edition=
|
journalformat=
|
date=
|
update=
|
archiveurl=
|
archivedate=
|
accessdate=
|
volume=
|
issue=
|
pages=
|
language=
|
url=
|
format=
|
doi=
|
doi-broken-date=
|
id=
|
pmid=
|
pmc=
|
bibcode=
|
quote=
|
lay-summary=
|
lay-source=
|
lay-date=
|
notes=
|
partid=
|
parttitle=
|
parttitle.=
|
trans_parttitle=
|
partp=
|
parturl=
|
harvid=
|
ref= }}
{{vcite news
|author=
|
author.=
|
title=
|
title.=
|
trans_title=
|
url=
|
format=
|
work=
|
work.=
|
location=
|
edition=
|
workformat=
|
date=
|
update=
|
archiveurl=
|
archivedate=
|
accessdate=
|
sectionphrase=
|
section=
|
pages=
|
column=
|
language=
|
agency=
|
publisher=
|
id=
|
quote=
|
notes=
|
harvid=
|
ref= }}
{{vcite web
|author=
|
author.=
|
home=
|
home.=
|
trans_home=
|
homeurl=
|
homeformat=
|
homeeditionphrase=
|
homeeditionphrase.=
|
homeedition=
|
secondaryauthor=
|
location=
|
publisher=
|
homedate=
|
homeupdate=
|
homeaccessdate=
|
homelanguage=
|
homenotes=
|
format=
|
title=
|
trans_title=
|
url=
|
date=
|
update=
|
archiveurl=
|
archivedate=
|
accessdate=
|
pages=
|
size=
|
language=
|
id=
|
quote=
|
notes=
|
harvid=
|
ref= }}
http://www.example.edu/~professorx/study/comments.html
it's good practice to also cite the title of Professor X's homepage, which you might find by consulting http://www.example.edu/~professorx/index.html
.|accessdate=Date
|url=
) was last accessed and checked;[2][3] see Dates. This parameter is intended to be used for websites that typically change pages after they are published; it is not normally needed for websites that do not typically change published pages, such as pages in archival journals.|agency=Agency
|archivedate=Date
|archiveurl=
; see Dates.|archiveurl=URL
|url=
, if (or in case) the original resource is unavailable. This is typically used to refer to services like WebCite, Archive.is and the Internet Archive.|articletype=Type
|at=Location
|pages=
if the location is a page or range of pages, and use |at=
if the location is something else, such as [about 10 p.].[5]|author=Author(s)
|editor=
is also given this is assumed to be the author of the chapter,[6] otherwise of the book.[7] If the entire book has both authors and other contributors, such as editors or translators, list the latter under |secondaryauthor=
. If the entire book has no listed authors, but only editors or other contributors, list them here and omit |secondaryauthor=
. If a chapter is being cited but it is not by different authors or editors than the entire book, list the contributors here and omit |editor=
.|author.=
Author(s)
ends in a period (.), specify an empty |author.=
parameter to suppress any duplicate periods in the output.|bibcode=Bibcode
|chapter=Chapter title
|trans_chapter=
.|chapter.=
Chapter title
ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty |chapter.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the chapter.|chapteraccessdate=Date
|chapter-url=
) was last accessed and checked;[9] see Dates.|chapterformat=Format
|chapter-url=
links to. Specify PDF for Portable Document Format. Omit if the article is published in HTML or XHTML. This is an extension to the NLM Vancouver style; it is added here because Wikipedia articles are commonly hyperlinked, whereas the NLM style is purely text.|chapterid=ID
|chapterlanguage=Language
|language=
.|chapterupdate=Update action and date
|updated=
.|chapter-url=URL
|isbn=
. When giving this parameter, also give |chapteraccessdate=
unless the URL is known to be stable.|column=Column
|contenttype=type
|date=Date
|volume=
and |issue=
are both missing. For journal publication dates it is often simplest to specify just the year, even if a more precise date is known, as a too-precise publication date may distract the reader with useless and even misleading information when a source is written well before its official publication date.|homedate=
.[16]|doi=DOI
|chapter=
is also given, DOI
should be the DOI for the chapter if available. Often the two DOIs are related; for example, the chapter with DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04568-4_45 belongs to a book with DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04568-4.|doi-broken-date=Date
DOI
was checked and found to be not working; see Dates. This can happen when a publication is transferred to a new publisher which does not provide DOI access. DOI
is still shown, but without a link, and the article is placed in Category:Pages with DOIs broken since YYYY, where YYYY }} is the date's year.|edition=Edition
|editionphrase=
, except that it appends " ed." instead of just a period; common values include 2nd, 3rd, and Rev. See |editionphrase=
for details.|journal=
parameter, for example, Off Ed for Office Edition.[17]|editionphrase=Edition phrase
|editionphrase=
parameter should be used instead of |edition=
if "." should be appended rather than the typical " ed." Examples where this might be needed include foreign-language editions such as Shohan and other phrases such as 2009–2010 ed., fully rev. and expand.[19]|editionphrase.=
Edition phrase
ends in a period, specify an empty |editionphrase.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the edition phrase.|editor=Editor(s)
|author=
; see Authors. Editor(s)
should contain roles, as in Smith RB, editor and Smith RB, Jones WR, editors. When both |author=
and |editor=
are given, it is assumed that the authors contributed a chapter to the editors' book, and |chapter=
should also be given. Otherwise, the editors are listed in place of the authors. If the entire book has both authors and editors, the editors should be listed under |secondaryauthor=
.|format=Format
|url=
specifies a resource in Portable Document Format. Omit |format=
if the source is published in HTML or XHTML. Other possible values include physical formats such as microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, and ultrafilm for books,[20] and video, videocast, and podcast for web pages.[21] Normally it is not necessary to specify Internet or print, as this should be obvious from the rest of the citation if no format is specified.|harvid=ID
|harvid=SmithJones2010
might be used as a target of the Harvard citation {{harv|Smith|Jones|2010}}
, and it is equivalent to |ref={{harvid|Smith|Jones|2010}}
. If |harvid=
and |ref=
are both given, |harvid=
is ignored.|home=Homepage title
|trans_home=
.|home.=
Homepage title
ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty |home.=
parameter to suppress the period that would otherwise follow the homepage title.|homeaccessdate=Date
|homeurl=
) was last accessed and checked;[23] see Dates.|homedate=Date
|homeedition=Edition
|editionphrase=
, except that it appends " ed." instead of just a period.|homeeditionphrase=Edition phrase
|editionphrase=
parameter should be used instead of |homeedition=
if "." should be appended rather than the typical " ed."[25]|homeeditionphrase.=
Edition phrase
ends in a period, specify an empty |homeeditionphrase.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the homepage edition phrase.|homeformat=Format
|format=
. The NLM Vancouver style specifies Internet as the only value, and it also specifies a content type prefix of homepage, as in homepage on the Internet.[26]|homelanguage=Language
|homenotes=Notes
|homeupdate=Update action and date
|homeurl=URL
|homeaccessdate=
unless the URL is known to be stable.|id=ID
|doi=
, |isbn=
, |oclc=
, or |pmid=
. The ID should specify the kind of identifier used, as in {{patent|US|6556992}}
, which generates US 6556992. Other ID-generating templates include {{arxiv}}, {{JFM}}, {{JSTOR}} {{MR}}, and {{Zbl}}.|isbn=isbn
|isbn=9780231146364
. Prefer 13- to 10-digit ISBNs if both are available. Convert an SBN to an ISBN by prefixing it with a zero. See Wikipedia:ISBN for more about ISBNs in Wikipedia.|issue=Issue
|journal=Journal name
|journal.=
Journal name
ends in a period, question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty |journal.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the journal name.|journalformat=Format
|language=Language
|lay-date=Date
|lay-source=Source
|lay-summary=URL
|location=Location
|work=
.|notes=Notes
|oclc=OCLC
|pages=Pages
‑
") rather than a regular hyphen, so that it is not inadvertently changed to an en dash by another editor or by a bot. In the NLM Vancouver style, a page range does not repeat page numbers (for example, 1447–50 rather than 1447–1450) unless they are followed by a letter (for example, 1447A–1450A).|pagination=Pagination
|pages=
or |at=
instead of |pagination=
.|partid=Part ID
|partp=Part pages
|pages=
.[42]|parttitle=Part title
|trans_parttitle=
. This can be combined with |partid=
and |pages=
to produce most citations for article parts; complex examples, such as citing parts available in multiple languages, should be placed at the end of |notes=
instead.|parttitle.=
Part title
ends in a question mark or exclamation point, and if no |partp=
is given, specify an empty |parttitle.=
parameter to suppress the period that would otherwise follow the title.|parturl=Part URL
|physicaldescription=Physical description
|format=
should also be given.[44]|pmc=PMC
|pmid=PMID
|doi=
is available, as it may point to a freely readable copy when the DOI does not, and PubMed servers are often more reliable than servers for DOIs.|publisher=Publisher
|agency=
or |work=
should be used instead.|quote=Quote
|ref=Anchor
|secondaryauthor=Secondary author(s)
Secondary author(s)
should contain roles, as in Smith RB, editor and Wu RB, Jones WR, illustrators.[47]|section=Section
|sectionphrase=Sect. Section
.|sectionphrase=Section phrase
|section=
if this is a number.|series=Series
|serieseditor=Editor(s)
|series=
parameter should also be specified.|seriesvolumephrase=Volume phrase
|series=
parameter should also be specified.|seriesvolume=Volume
|seriesvolume=7
is equivalent to |seriesvolumephrase=vol. 7
.|size=Size
|title=Title
|trans_title=
.|title.=
Title
ends in a question mark, exclamation point or period, specify an empty |title.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the title.|trans_chapter=Translated chapter title
|chapter=
(the chapter title) into English. See Titles.|trans_home=Translated homepage title
|home=
(the homepage title) into English. See Titles.|trans_parttitle=Translated title of article part
|parttitle=
(the title of the article part) into English. See Titles.|trans_title=Translated title
|title=
(the title) into English. See Titles.|update=Update action and date
|url=URL
|doi=
, |id=
, or |isbn=
. When giving this parameter, also give |accessdate=
unless the URL is known to be stable.|chapter-url=
.|parturl=
. The URL should not point to PubMed Central; use |pmc=
for that.|volume=Volume
|volume=7
is equivalent to |volumephrase=Vol. 7
.|volumepagination=Pagination
|pages=
or |at=
instead of |pagination=
.|volumephrase=Volume
|seriesvolumephrase=
instead.|volumetitle=Volume title
|volumetitle.=
Volume title
ends in a question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty |volumetitle.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the title.|work=Work name
|location=
can be used instead, as in "|work=Daily Nation
|location=Nairobi
".|work.=
Work name
ends in a period, question mark or exclamation point, specify an empty |work.=
parameter to suppress the period that normally follows the work name.|workformat=Format
Typically, parameter values are displayed as entered, without reformatting or linking. This section gives advice as to how to format commonly-used parameters.
Authors should be formatted consistently within a Wikipedia article's citations. There is no Wikipedia-wide consensus about what format to use for authors. The Vancouver system suggests one of two main styles:[60]
If the contributors to a book are not authors, follow their names with a comma and their role. The role should not be abbreviated. Separate multiple roles with a semicolon. Some examples:
If there are many authors, replace the trailing authors with et al. or and others. Typically the first three or six authors are kept. In one variant, all authors are listed unless there are more than six authors, in which case just the first three are listed. The limit of three or six often applies separately to individual and to institutional authors.
Like authors, there is no consensus on Wikipedia about which date format to use in citations. Dates should use a consistent format within an article, and this format need not be the same as in the article's prose. Some formats are specified by the Vancouver system, and some other formats are also in common use on Wikipedia.
All formats allow a plain year, such as 2009, to stand for that year.
Use sentence case, the same way that you would capitalize an ordinary sentence, to capitalize the title of a minor work such as a chapter or article. Do this even if the original title capitalizes every word.
Use title case, in which every important word is capitalized, to capitalize the title of a major work such as a book, volume, journal, or newspaper. (The NLM Vancouver style uses sentence case even for book and volume titles, but Wikipedia style is to use title case.)
If a |title=
value is in a foreign language, put its translation into |trans_title=
, and similarly for |chapter=
and |trans_chapter=
, for |home=
and |trans_home=
, and for |parttitle=
and |trans_parttitle=
. This will display as the original title followed by the translation in square brackets. The original title is often omitted as it is rarely important to English language readers. If including the original title, use the appropriate case of the source language; for example, for the book Man's Fate one might use "|title=La Condition humaine
|trans_title=Man's Fate
".[62]
Use ": " to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other punctuation is already present.
The |ref=Anchor
parameter adds an anchor to the citation, so that it can be a target of a wikilink to the citation, as in [[#Anchor|text]]
. This is useful in shortened notes.
The {{harvid}} or {{sfnref}} template will generate an anchor suitable for Harvard referencing templates. For example, article prose might contain the markup {{harvnb|Peh|Ng|2009}}
, which generates the Harvard reference: Peh & Ng 2009. To have this link to a citation, use |ref={{harvid|Peh|Ng|2009}}
, such as in the following:
{{vcite book |author=Peh WC, Ng KH |title=Preparing the references |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=659–61 |date=2009 |pmid=19644619 |url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/5007/5007emw1.pdf |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|Peh|Ng|2009}} }}
This generates the following citation:
This citation is the target of the Harvard reference. To see how it works, click on the links below:
These templates are intended to be used in place of {{cite book}}, {{cite journal}}, etc. For efficiency reasons they do not support all uses of {{cite book}} etc., but they do support the following commonly used and documented parameters.
The following {{cite book}} parameters are not supported.
Parameter |
---|
|postscript=
|
|separator=
|
The following {{cite journal}} parameters are not supported. Typically their values should be folded into the values of related parameters.
Parameter | What to do when converting to {{vcite journal}} |
---|---|
|editor1-first= , etc. |
Fold into |notes= .
|
|editor1-last= , etc. |
Fold into |notes= .
|
|editor1-link= , etc. |
Fold into |notes= .
|
|issn= |
Not displayed; see Citations to entire journals. |
|location= |
Place of publication.[65] Not displayed; see Citations to entire journals. |
|oclc= |
Not displayed; see Citations to entire journals. |
|postscript= |
Not supported. |
|publisher= |
Publisher.[66] Not displayed; see Citations to entire journals. |
|series= |
Fold into |volume= .
|
|version= |
Fold into |volume= .
|
|notes=
.|title=
parameter's value ends in a period, question mark, or exclamation point, the period that normally follows the title can be suppressed by specifying an empty |title.=
parameter. Parameters such as |author.=
behave similarly. Parameters such as |title.=
and |author.=
are not needed with {{cite book}} etc., which punctuates these parameters differently.{{vcite book | author=John Smith Sr.; John Jones Jr. | author.= | chapter=Is this a real chapter title? | chapter.= | trans_chapter=Est-ce que c'un vrai chapitre est titre? | chapter-url=http://example.com/chapter | chapterformat=PDF | editor=John Adams Jr., editor | title=Is this a real book title? | title.= | url=http://example.com/book | contenttype=bibliography | format=PDF | editionphrase=2., Aufl. | editionphrase.= | secondaryauthor=B.C. Smith, translator; L.T. Jones, illustrator | volumephrase=Pt. 3 | volumetitle=Is this a real volume title? | volumepagination=507 p | location=New York | publisher=Bibliophile Press | date=2008 | update=updated 2009-09-23 | accessdate=2009-12-21 | pagination=<!--Omitted because a chapter is cited.--> | physicaldescription=<!--Omitted because a web version is cited.--> | serieseditor=Johnson, Edward, editor | series=Is this a real series title? | seriesvolumephrase=no. 7 | language=French | doi=10.1234/5679 | doi-broken-date=2009-12-20 | id=LoC XYZ.23 | isbn=123-456-789-0 | oclc=987654321 | quote=So it goes. | lay-summary=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/96448.php | lay-source=Medical News Today | lay-date=2008-02-07 | notes=This citation is completely invented, and is not intended to stand for a real source. | chapterid=Chapter 29 | chapterupdate=revised 2009-07-06 | chapteraccessdate=2009-12-22 | pages=239–43 | chapterlanguage=Turkish | ref=SmithJones2008}}
{{vcite journal | author=Bannen RM, Suresh V, Phillips GN Jr, Wright SJ, Mitchell JC | title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins | journal=Bioinformatics | volume=24 | issue=20 | pages=2339–43 | date=2008 | pmid=18723523 | pmc=2562006 | doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 | url=http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/20/2339}}
{{vcite journal | author=John Smith Sr.; John Jones Jr. | author.= | title=Est-ce que c'un vrai article est titre? |title.= | trans_title=Is this a real article title? | articletype=letter | journal=J. Title. | journal.= | edition=Off Ed | journalformat=Internet | date=1999 | update=revised 2002 | archiveurl=http://example.com | archivedate=2003 | accessdate=2009-12-06 | volume=123 | issue=12 | pages=488–93 | language=French | url=http://example.org/xxx | format=PDF | doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7413.488 | doi-broken-date=2009-12-05 | id=LoC XYZ.23 | pmid=1234 | pmc=2082983 | bibcode=1974AJ.....79..819H | quote=So it goes. | lay-summary=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/96448.php | lay-source= Medical News Today | lay-date=2008-02-07 | notes=This citation is completely invented, and is not intended to stand for a real source. | partid=Appendix A | parttitle=Sont-elles ces données brutes? | trans_parttitle=Is this raw data? | parttitle.= | partp=491 | parturl=http://example.org/appendix-A | ref=SmithJones1999}}
{{vcite news | author=John Smith Sr.; John Jones Jr. | author.= | title=Est-ce que c'un vrai article est titre? |title.= | trans_title=Is this a real article title? | url=http://example.com | format=PDF | work=Is This a Newspaper Title? | work.= | location=Bucharest | edition=Metro Ed. | workformat=microfiche | date=2009-12-20 | update=updated 2009-12-21 | archiveurl=http://example.com/archive | archivedate=2009-12-22 | accessdate=2009-12-23 | sectionphrase=Opinion | pages=12 | column=2 | language=French | agency=Reuters | publisher=Springer | id={{issn|1234-5678}} | quote=So it goes. | notes=This citation is completely invented, and is not intended to stand for a real source. | ref=SmithJones2009}}
{{vcite web | author=R.G. Phillips, Jr. | author.= | home=Cheveux, oeil, peigne? | home.= | trans_home=Hair, eye, comb? | homeurl=http://blog.example.com/~phillips/hair-eye-comb/top.pdf | homeformat=PDF | homeedition=Global | secondaryauthor=K. Phillips, translator | location=Walla Walla, WA | publisher=Idiosyncratic Press | homedate=2009-11-01 | homeupdate=modified 2009-11-19 | homeaccessdate=2009-12-20 | homelanguage=French | homenotes=Notes about the homepage. | format=PDF | title=Τι να κάνει όταν κλέβεται η περούκα σας |trans_title=What to do when your wig is stolen | url=http://blog.example.com/~phillips/hair-eye-comb/stolen-wig.html | date=2009-12-20 | update=modified 2009-12-22 | archiveurl=http://archive.example.com/stolen-wig.html | archivedate=2009-12-23 | accessdate=2009-12-24 | pages=659–61 | size=174 kB | language=Greek | id=LoC XYZ.23 | quote=My goodness! Chase after the thief! | notes=Notes about the web page. | ref=Phillips2009}}
This template was originally designed to attack a major problem with {{citation}}, {{cite book}}, etc.: these templates generate pages that can take way too long to load while browsing and editing. The initial version of the revised templates improved the page-generation time for Autism by a factor of two, and reduced the size of its HTML by over 35%.[67] As of 24 December 2013, the {{cite journal}} version is faster to generate, because {{cite journal}} is now based on Lua (the html is still much larger).[68]
To improve performance, this template omits the following features of {{cite book}}, {{cite journal}}, etc., roughly in descending order of importance:
{{vcite
" with "{{cite
". Perhaps a gadget or tool will be developed to automate this task.|harvid=
; see Anchors.vcite
variants do not support fancy ways of formatting authors and editors, with parameters like |coauthors=
, |last8=
, |editor2-first=
, and |editor3-link=
. Please format author names and links the way you prefer them, inside |author=
.|archive-url=
is not supported but |archiveurl=
is.|homeformat=
values:
vcite
"-using and "cite
"-using variants of the same version of Autism, using the template implementations of the time.