Kingdom of Thailand
| |
|---|---|
| Anthem: เพลงชาติไทย Phleng Chat Thai "Thai National Anthem" | |
.svg)  | |
| Capital and largest city | Bangkok[a] 13°48′N 100°33′E / 13.800°N 100.550°E |
| Official languages | Thai[1] |
Spoken languages | Central Thai, Isan, Lanna (Northern Thai), Dambro (Southern Thai), Karen, Pattani Malay, Bangkok Malay, Teochew, Hokkien |
| Ethnic groups |
|
| Religion (2018 census)[2] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Thai |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) |
| Paetongtarn Shinawatra | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Senate | |
| House of Representatives | |
| Formation | |
| 1238–1438 | |
| 1351–1767 | |
| 1767–1782 | |
| 6 April 1782 | |
| 24 June 1932 | |
| 6 April 2017 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 513,120 km2 (198,120 sq mi) (50th) |
• Water (%) | 0.4 (2,230 km2) |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate |  65,975,198[3] (22nd) |
• 2010 census | 64,785,909[4] (21st) |
• Density | 132.1/km2 (342.1/sq mi) (88th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $1.644 trillion[5] (23rd) |
• Per capita | $23,401[5] (74th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $548.890 billion[5] (26th) |
• Per capita | $7,812[5] (88th) |
| Gini (2021) |  35.1[6]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.803[7] very high (66th) |
| Currency | Thai baht (฿) (THB) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (ICT) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (BE) |
| Drives on | left |
| Calling code | +66 |
| ISO 3166 code | TH |
| Internet TLD | |
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Thailand,[i] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939),[ii] is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million,[8] it spans 513,115 square kilometres (198,115 sq mi).[9] Thailand is bordered to the northwest by Myanmar, to the northeast and east by Laos, to the southeast by Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the southwest by the Andaman Sea; it also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast and Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the state capital and largest city.[10]
Thai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 6th to 11th centuries. Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon, Khmer Empire, and Malay states ruled the region, competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang, Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya, which also rivalled each other. European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya, which became a regional power by the end of the 15th century. Ayutthaya reached its peak during the 18th century, until it was destroyed in the Burmese–Siamese War. King Taksin the Great quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782), of which he was the only king. He was succeeded in 1782 by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the first monarch of the current Chakri dynasty. Throughout the era of Western imperialism in Asia, Siam remained the only state in the region to avoid colonization by foreign powers, although it was often forced to make territorial, trade, and legal concessions in unequal treaties.[11] The Siamese system of government was centralised and transformed into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the 1868–1910 reign of Chulalongkorn (Rama V). In World War I, Siam sided with the Allies, a political decision made in order to amend the unequal treaties. Following a bloodless revolution in 1932, it became a constitutional monarchy and changed its official name to Thailand, becoming an ally of Japan in World War II. In the late 1950s, a military coup under Sarit Thanarat revived the monarchy's historically influential role in politics. During the Cold War, Thailand became a major ally of the United States and played an anti-communist role in the region as a member of SEATO, which was disbanded in 1977.
Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid-1970s and 1990s, Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy and military rule. Since the 2000s, the country has been in continual political conflict between supporters and opponents of twice-elected Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra, which resulted in two coups (in 2006 and 2014), along with the establishment of its current constitution, a nominally democratic government after the 2019 Thai general election, and large pro-democracy protests in 2020–2021, which included unprecedented demands to reform the monarchy. Since 2019, it has been nominally a parliamentary constitutional monarchy; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution have ensured the military's continued influence in politics.[12]
Thailand is a middle power in global affairs and a founding member of ASEAN. It has the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia and the 23rd-largest in the world by PPP, and it ranks 91st by nominal GDP per capita. Thailand is classified as a newly industrialised economy, with manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism as leading sectors.[13][14]
- ^ "Thailand" Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The World Factbook.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Population statistics of the civil registration (monthly)".
- ^ National Statistics Office, "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand". (in Thai) Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. popcensus.nso.go.th.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Thailand)". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Multiple Factors Behind Thailand's Birth Rate Decline, Experts Say". Voice of America. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ "Land Area". The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Capital City". The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Nuchkoom Smith, Nucharee; Smith, Robert Brian (1 October 2019). "Has Thailand learnt any Lessons from the Bowring Treaty and the Treaty of Amity?" (PDF). Athens Journal of Law. 5 (4): 405–418. doi:10.30958/ajl.5-4-3. ISSN 2407-9685. S2CID 211453326. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ *Abuza, Zachary (27 September 2021). "Thailand's Constitutional Dictatorship Weathers the Storm". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Glassman, Jim (2020). "Lineages of the Authoritarian State in Thailand: Military Dictatorship, Lazy Capitalism and the Cold War Past as Post-Cold War Prologue". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 50 (4): 571–592. doi:10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378. S2CID 211436855.
- Bandow, Doug (3 December 2020). "Thailand's Military Is Getting Ready for Another Crackdown". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ Thailand and the World Bank Archived 16 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank on Thailand country overview.
- ^ The Guardian, Country profile: Thailand Archived 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 25 April 2009.
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