The Night of Enitharmon's Joy

Hecate, or The Night of Enitharmon's Joy
ArtistWilliam Blake
Year1795
TypePen and ink with watercolour on paper
Dimensions44 cm × 58 cm (17.32 in × 22.83 in)
LocationTate Britain, London

The Night of Enitharmon's Joy, often referred as The Triple Hecate or simply Hecate, is a 1795 work of art by the English artist and poet William Blake which depicts Enitharmon, a female character in his mythology, or Hecate, a chthonic Greco-Roman goddess of magic and the underworld. The work presents a nightmarish scene with fantastic creatures.[1][2]

The Triple Hecate is painted with deep tones and bold masses. Blake employed a new technique whose "effect is darker and richer than [his] illuminated books".[3] One scholar interprets his colour print Hecate thus:

"She is triple, according to mythology: a girl and a boy hide their heads behind her back. Her left hand lies on a book of magic; her left foot is extended. She is attended by a thistle-eating ass, the mournful owl of false wisdom, the head of a crocodile (blood-thirsty hypocrisy), and a cat-headed bat."[4]

Blake often drew on Michelangelo to create and compose his epic images, including Hecate's, according to a consensus of critics. "Blake is indebted to Michelangelo for many of his giant forms".[5] Michelangelo contributed many "characters to Blake's gallery of mythic persons and heroes".[6] Regarding the Hecate colour print, a suggested trail may be traced. From Michelangelo, Blake copied his early sketch entitled The Reposing Traveller, which then evolved into a figure for his work (1795–1797) regarding Night Thoughts,[7] and also into the similarly posed figure of Hecate here.[8]

The image may also allude to the Three Fates — the Moirai of Greek mythology and the Parcae of Roman. Notwithstanding these allusions, critics point out that a contemporary trigger for Blake's inspiration probably was the return popularity of Shakespeare's play Macbeth.[9] As Hecate listens offstage,[10] the three witches, in arranging Macbeth's doom, chant: "Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble". Each witch in turn adds her verses, the second's being:

"Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the cauldron boil and bake;
Eye of newt and toe of frog,
Wool of bat and tongue of dog,
Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting,
Lizard's leg and owlet's wing,
For a charm of powerful trouble,
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble." (Macbeth, IV.i)

Hence, bat, owl, snake or frog would be appropriate to The Triple Hecate.[9]

Blake printed his illuminated Europe a Prophecy in 1794. The bulk of the book, according to one scholar, "is devoted to the night of Enitharmon's joy, when she establishes her Woman's World with its false religion of chastity and vengeance: a religion of eighteen hundred years, which is the error of official Christianity."[11] In other words, it is said to represent a Feminine Will over a patriarchal Christianity.[12][13][14] Blake's character is described as "the Moon of love to Los's Sun",[11] hence its relationship with Hecate, one of the Moon Goddesses alongside Diana/Artemis and Selene. She is also invoked in Hamlet, in the play within the play method, by the (actor) Lucianus: "With Hecate's ban thrice blasted, thrice infected, Thy natural magic and dire property [...]"[15] but in Europe: a Prophecy Enitharmon's night is presented in this way:

"Now comes the night of Enitharmon's joy!
Who shall I call? Who shall I send?
That Woman, lovely Woman! may have dominion
Arise O Rintrah thee I call! & Palamabron thee.
Go! tell the human race that Womans love is Sin!
That an Eternal life awaits the worms of sixty winters
In an allegorical abode where existence hath never come:
Forbid all Joy, & from her childhood shall the little female
Spread nets in every secret path."

There are other literary sources for the myth of Hecate, such as Metamorphoses by Ovid, VI 140, VII 74, 94, 174, 177, 194, 241, XIV 44, 405, and Blake himself: "The Gods all Serve her at her will; so great her Power is, like fabled Hecate, she doth bind them to her law." (Blake, Then She bore Pale desire…). But not only in his poetry The Triple Hecate makes a connection: it is seen as an opposition to his painting Pity, circa 1795, where the piety provides a "possibility of salvation" in the fallen world.[16] Here, both witchcraft and curse, associated with Hecate, are factors to human perdition. Geoffrey Keynes wrote about it:

"Hecate, an infernal Trinity, crouches in the centre. An evil winged spectre hovers over her. On her left an ass is grazing on rank vegetation, while an owl and a great toad watch from between rocks. The theme of the Moon Goddess is derived from Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream."[17]

The image was created in a time in which Shakespeare's Macbeth had a revival, being performed nine times.[18] Like other works by Blake, such as The Ghost of a Flea, the picture is part of W. Graham Robertson's private collection and was presented to the Tate Gallery by himself in 1939. It is considered to be one of the most brilliant and significant pictures of William Blake.[19]

  1. ^ Gilchrist, Alexander (2010) [1880]. Rossetti, Dante Gabriel; Rossetti, William Michael (eds.). Life of William Blake: With Selections from his Poems and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780511709029.
  2. ^ C. Scott Littleton, Gods, goddesses, and mythology, vol. 1, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, p. 620. ISBN 0-7614-7559-1
  3. ^ Kathleen Raine, William Blake (London: Thames and Hudson 1970; reprint: Oxford University [nd]) at 85-86 (illustration no.63). Works created using the technique, involving distemper on mill-board, include: God creating Adam, Newton, Nebuchadnezzar, Ruth, Pity, The House of Death, and God judging Adam.
  4. ^ S. Foster Damon, A Blake Dictionary. The ideas and symbols of William Blake (Brown University 1965; reprint Shambhala, Boulder, 1979) at 391, under the entry "Superstition". Higher-resolution reproductions show the "crocodile" behind the rock as likely a frog or snake. Here, however, Prof. Damon compares Blake's Hecate not to Enitharmon (the Eternal Female who as 'Spiritual Beauty' is also the consort of Los), but rather to the Rephaim (ghosts). Damon (1965, 1979) at 124-125, 346, 391.
  5. ^ Jenijoy La Belle, "Blake's Visions and Re-Visions of Michaelangelo" 13-22, at 13, in Blake in his time (Indiana University 1978), edited by Robert N. Essick and Donald Pearce.
  6. ^ Jean H. Hagstrum, William Blake. Poet and Painter (University of Chicago 1964) at 39-40. Hagstrum here includes "Blake's Triple Hecate, Urizen, Los, Albion, Newton".
  7. ^ Blake created 537 watercolor designs for a new issue of Edward Young's Night Thoughts (1742–45), of which only 43 were then published. In 1980 two volumes containing 728 reproductions of Blake's work here were published by Oxford University. Joseph Viscomi, "William Blake's Designs for Edward Young's Night Thoughts. A complete edition" in Fine Print (Spring 1982): 49-50. [1][permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Cf., La Belle, "Blake's Visions and Re-Visions of Michelangelo" 13-22, at 18-20 with Plate 22 (The Reposing Traveller) & Plate 24 (figure re Night Thoughts, VII, p. 40) in Blake in his time (Indiana University 1978).
  9. ^ a b Emory University. "Blake. Hecate". Consulted on September 25, 2010.
  10. ^ Shakespeare's Hecate describes herself as "the close contriver of all harms". Macbeth III, v.
  11. ^ a b S. Foster Damon, A Blake dictionary: the ideas and symbols of William Blake (Brown University 1965; Shambhala 1979; UPNE 1988) at 125. Index (1979) by Morris Eaves. ISBN 0-87451-436-3
  12. ^ S. Foster Damon, A Blake dictionary: the ideas and symbols of William Blake (1965; 1988) at 25.
  13. ^ Nicholas M. Williams, Ideology and utopia in the poetry of William Blake, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 81. ISBN 0-521-62050-3
  14. ^ John Howard, Infernal poetics: poetic structures in Blake's Lambeth prophecies, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1984, p.143. ISBN 0-8386-3176-2
  15. ^ Shakespeare, Hamlet, III. ii.
  16. ^ Martin Butlin, William Blake 1757-1827, Tate Gallery Collections, V, London 1990.
  17. ^ Geoffrey Keynes, Drawings of William Blake: 92 pencil studies, Courier Dover Publications, 1970, p.18. ISBN 0-486-22303-5
  18. ^ Nick Rawlinson, William Blake's comic vision, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p.48. ISBN 0-312-22064-2
  19. ^ Blake, Volumes 14-15. University of New Mexico. Dept. of English. Ardent Media, 1980, p.59