Thiazide

Thiazide
Drug class
Chlorothiazide, the first thiazide drug
Class identifiers
Usehypertension, edema
ATC codeC03A
Biological targetsodium-chloride symporter
External links
MeSHD049971
Legal status
In Wikidata
Benzothiadiazine, the parent structure of this class of molecules

Thiazide (/ˈθaɪəzaɪd/) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules[1] and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine.[2] The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s.[3] The first approved drug of this class, chlorothiazide, was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958.[3] In most countries, thiazides are the least expensive antihypertensive drugs available.[4]

Thiazide organic molecules are bi-cyclic structures that contain adjacent sulfur and nitrogen atoms on one ring.[5] Confusion sometimes occurs because thiazide-like diuretics such as indapamide are referred to as thiazides despite not having the thiazide chemical structure.[6] When used this way, "thiazide" refers to a drug which acts at the thiazide receptor.[7] The thiazide receptor is a sodium-chloride transporter that pulls NaCl from the lumen in the distal convoluted tubule. Thiazide diuretics inhibit this receptor, causing the body to release NaCl and water into the lumen, thereby increasing the amount of urine produced each day.[6] An example of a molecule that is chemically a thiazide but not used as a diuretic is methylchloroisothiazolinone, often found as an antimicrobial in cosmetics.[8]

  1. ^ Thiazides at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  2. ^ Thiazide+Diuretics at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  3. ^ a b Beyer KH (September 1993). "Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy". Hypertension. 22 (3): 388–91. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388. PMID 8349332.
  4. ^ Whitworth JA (November 2003). "2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension" (PDF). Journal of Hypertension. 21 (11): 1983–92. doi:10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002. PMID 14597836. S2CID 3211922.
  5. ^ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  6. ^ a b Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A (2019), "Thiazide Diuretics", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30422513, retrieved 2019-07-18
  7. ^ thiazide+receptor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  8. ^ "6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone". Journal of the American College of Toxicology. 11 (1): 75–128. 1992-01-01. doi:10.3109/10915819209141993. ISSN 0730-0913. S2CID 208506926.