Thönmi Sambhota | |
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| Born | Thönmi Sambhota ཐོན་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ། c.619 Tu, Yorwo, Tibet[1] |
| Known for | legend of inventing the Tibetan script |
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Thonmi Sambhota (Thönmi Sambhoṭa, (Tib. ཐོན་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ།, Wyl. thon mi sam+b+ho Ta; c.619-7th C.) is the Tibetan minister who according to legends created the first Tibetan script, base on the Gupta alphabet after being sent by King Songsten Gampo to study in India.[2] He was sent to India with 16 other Tibetan students to study Buddhism, Sanskrit, and the Art of Writing.[2] He is also credited with escorting two princesses into Tibet from their countries of Nepal and China respectively, before they married and became Songsten Gampo's queens.[1]
Thonmi is his clan name, while Sambhota means 'scholar' (sam) from Tibet (bhota).[1] Among his many accomplishments, he is also the author six important treatises on Tibetan grammar, two which are included in the Tengyur and are entitled (Wylie) lung ston pa la rtsa ba sum cu pa, and rtags kyi 'jug pa.[1][3] Possibly re-edited by others at later dates,[1] the two treatises attributed to him might postdate the 13th century.[4]
Scholar R. A. Stein states,
- "According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo sent a young man of the Thönmi or Thumi clan, Sambhoṭa son of Anu (or Drithorek Anu) to India in 632 with other youths, to learn the alphabet. The pattern chosen was the script of Kashmir. At all events, the ancient annals of Tun-huang record against the year 655 that 'the text of the laws was written'. It is staggering to realize that, in a couple of decades, not only was the Tibetan alphabet invented, but the script had been adapted to the Tibetan language by a highly complicated orthography, and used for the writing of documents. Thönmi is also said to have composed, no doubt later on, a very learned grammar on the Indian pattern."[5]
Thonmi Sambhota became the fourth of seven wise ministers of King Songtsen Gampo. He is said to be the only one of the original 16 students to return to Tibet.[citation needed] According to legends, the Tibetan script he devised in retreat, after his return to Tibet, was prepared at Kukarmaru Palace in Lhasa,[1] and based on the Brahmi and Gupta scripts which have been in use in India since c.350.[6][7]
King Songtsen Gampo is said to have retired for four years to master the new script and grammar. He then made translations of Buddhist texts, including the twenty-one Avalokitesvara texts.[1] Other translators quickly added to the corpus of Buddhist translations.
The Six Codices of the Tibetan constitution were drawn up, and state documents included treaties with Tang China, and court records. Newly written domestic records included genealogies, histories, and poetry which were preserved in writing.[8] The Chronicle of Ba, the keeping by the Ba clan members of royal records of important events during the Tibetan Empire era, also began c.650.
The first Tibetan dictionary followed in the 8th century, and was called the Drajor Bampo Nyipa (Madhyavyutpatti) that had 600 to 700 words, used by the panditas that were translating the Buddha Shakyamuni's recorded teachings into Tibetan for the Kangyur, and the commentaries by great masters into Tibetan for the Tengyur, which together created the Tibetan Buddhist Canon.[9]
- ^ a b c d e f g Samten Chhospel, "Tonmi Sambhota", Treasury of Lives, 2010.
- ^ a b Claude Arpi, Glimpses on the History of Tibet. Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013, p.1-23
- ^ "Tonmi Sambhota". The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
- ^ Hill, Nathan W. (2004) 'Compte rendu (Review of Paul G. Hackett, 'A Tibetan Verb Lexicon' Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2003.)'. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, (6), p. 86, and references cited therein.
- ^ R. A. Stein. Tibetan Civilization. (1972), pp. 51, 58. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
- ^ Tibet: A Political History, p. 12. 1967. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- ^ The White Annals, pp. 70-73. Gedun Choephel, translated by Samten Norboo. 1978. Tibetan Library and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India.
- ^ Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project, pp. 192-193. 1986. Dharma Publishing, Berkeley, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3.
- ^ Geshe Monlam : The Man Behind the Dictionary, Buddhist Digital Resource Center, 27 April 2023