Thousand Days' War

Thousand Days' War
Part of the Colombian Civil Wars
Government soldiers at a banquet, 1899.
Government soldiers at a banquet, 1899.
Date17 October 1899 – 21 November 1902
(1,130 days)
Location
Result

Colombian government victory

  • Continuation of the present day republic
  • Dissolution of the National Party
  • Separation of Panama
  • Economic and administrative crisis
Belligerents

Republic of Colombia

Commanders and leaders
Gabriel Vargas Santos
Rafael Uribe Uribe
Benjamín Herrera
Justo Leónidas Durán
Belisario Porras Barahona
Lucas Caballero Barrera
Manuel de Jesús Álvarez Reales
Avelino Rosas 
Victoriano Lorenzo 
Zenón Figueredo 
Aristóbulo Ibáñez 
Ramón Marín Valdez
Pedro Soler Martínez
Paulo Emilio Bustamante
Foción Soto
Juan Francisco Gómez Pinzón 
Benito Ulloa

Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
José Manuel Marroquín
José Vargas Santos
Manuel Casabianca Welsares
Guillermo Quintero Calderón
Próspero Pinzón Romero 
José Domingo Ospina Camacho
Ramón González Valencia
Pedro Nel Ospina

Arístides Fernández
Roberto Urdaneta Gómez
Alfredo Vásquez Cobo
José María Campo Serrano
Carlos Albán 
Víctor Manuel Salazar
Joaquín Fernando Vélez
Jorge Holguín Mallarino
Rafael Giraldo Viana
Marceliano Vélez Barreneche
Strength
5,000 (1899)
26,000 (1902)
15,000 (1899)
50,000 (1901–1902)
Casualties and losses
100,000[1]–180,000[2][3]

The Thousand Days' War (Spanish: Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil war fought in Colombia from 17 October 1899 to 21 November 1902, at first between the Liberal Party and the government led by the National Party, and later – after the Conservative Party had ousted the National Party – between the liberals and the conservative government. Caused by the longstanding ideological tug-of-war of federalism versus centralism between the liberals, conservatives, and nationalists of Colombia following the implementation of the Constitution of 1886 and the political process known as the Regeneración, tensions ran high after the presidential election of 1898, and on 17 October 1899, official insurrection against the national government was announced by members of the Liberal Party in the Department of Santander. Hostilities did not begin until the 11th of November, when liberal factions attempted to take over the city of Bucaramanga, leading to active warfare. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Neerlandia and the Treaty of Wisconsin. The war resulted in a Conservative victory, and ensured the continued dominance of the Conservative Party in Colombian politics for another 28 years. Colombia's political structure as a unitary state has not been challenged since.

As an international conflict, the war extended into Ecuadorian and Venezuelan territories. Conservative and liberal factions of those two countries, as well as of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, backed their respective parties within Colombia. American interests in the Panama Isthmus led to an American intervention and naval deployment in Panama (then part of Colombia) under the guise of upholding the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty.

With an estimated 100,000 to 180,000 fatalities, about 2.5–3.8 percent of the nation's population at that time, the conflict was the deadliest and most destructive civil war in the history of Colombia. It led to severe economic, political, and social repercussions for the country, including a partial collapse of the nation's economy, continued governmental instability, and the eventual loss of the Department of Panama as an incorporated territory of the republic in 1903.

  1. ^ Waiss, Óscar (1954). Nacionalismo y Socialismo en América Latina. Prensa Latinoamericana, pp. 17. esta cifra carece de fundamento e implicaría prácticamente la perdida total de las fuerzas de combate de ambos bandos.
  2. ^ http://guerraalvg.blogspot.com/ | In Spanish, “Guerra de los Mil Dias”
  3. ^ BBC. "Colombia Timeline". Retrieved 11 May 2016.