Tin-based perovskite solar cell

A tin-based perovskite solar cell is a special type of perovskite solar cell, based on a tin perovskite structure (ASnX3, where 'A' is a monovalent cation, tin is in its Sn (II) oxidation state and 'X' is a monovalent halogen anion). As a technology, tin-based perovskite solar cells are still in the research phase, and are even less-studied than their counterpart, lead-based perovskite solar cells. The main advantages of tin-based perovskite solar cells are that they are lead-free. There are environmental concerns with using lead-based perovskite solar cells in large-scale applications;[1][2] one such concern is that since the material is soluble in water, and lead is highly toxic, any contamination from damaged solar cells could cause major health and environmental problems.[3][4]

The maximum solar cell efficiency reported and certified is 14.6% for a modified formamidinium tin triiodide-based (CH(NH2)2SnI3 or FAPbI3) composition with additional NH4SCN and PEABr content,[5] 5.73% for CH3NH3SnIBr2,[6] 3% for CsSnI3 (5.03% in quantum dots), and above 10% for various compositions based on formamidinium tin triiodide.[7][8] FAPbI3 in particular may hold promise because, applied as a thin film, it appears to have the potential to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit by allowing hot-electron capture, which could considerably raise the efficiency.[9]

Methylammonium tin triiodide (CH3NH3SnI3 or MASnI3) has a band gap range of 1.2–1.3 eV, while FASnI3 has a band gap of approximately 1.4 eV.

  1. ^ Espinosa, Nieves; Serrano-Luján, Lucía; Urbina, Antonio; Krebs, Frederik C. (June 2015). "Solution and vapour deposited lead perovskite solar cells: Ecotoxicity from a life cycle assessment perspective". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 137: 303–310. Bibcode:2015SEMSC.137..303E. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2015.02.013.
  2. ^ Zhang, Jingyi; Gao, Xianfeng; Deng, Yelin; Li, Bingbing; Yuan, Chris (November 2015). "Life Cycle Assessment of Titania Perovskite Solar Cell Technology for Sustainable Design and Manufacturing". ChemSusChem. 8 (22): 3882–3891. Bibcode:2015ChSCh...8.3882Z. doi:10.1002/cssc.201500848. PMID 26489525.
  3. ^ Benmessaoud, Iness R.; Mahul-Mellier, Anne-Laure; Horváth, Endre; Maco, Bohumil; Spina, Massimo; Lashuel, Hilal A.; Forró, Làszló (2016). "Health hazards of methylammonium lead iodide based perovskites: cytotoxicity studies". Toxicology Research. 5 (2): 407–419. doi:10.1039/c5tx00303b. PMC 6062200. PMID 30090356.
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  5. ^ Jiang, Xianyuan; Li, Hansheng; Zhou, Qilin; Wei, Qi; Wei, Mingyang; Jiang, Luozhen; Wang, Zhen; Peng, Zijian; Wang, Fei; Zang, Zihao; Xu, Kaimin; Hou, Yi; Teale, Sam; Zhou, Wenjia; Si, Rui; Gao, Xingyu; Sargent, Edward H.; Ning, Zhijun (28 July 2021). "One-Step Synthesis of SnI2·(DMSO)x Adducts for High-Performance Tin Perovskite Solar Cells". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 143 (29): 10970–10976. doi:10.1021/jacs.1c03032. PMID 34196528.
  6. ^ Hao, Feng; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Cao, Duyen Hanh; Chang, Robert P. H.; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. (June 2014). "Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells". Nature Photonics. 8 (6): 489–494. Bibcode:2014NaPho...8..489H. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.82.
  7. ^ Shuyan Shao, Jian Liu, Giuseppe Portale, Hong-Hua Fang, Graeme R. Blake, Gert H. ten Brink, L. Jan Anton Koster, Maria Antonietta Loi (2018). "Highly Reproducible Sn-Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency". Advanced Energy Materials. 8 (4): 1702019. Bibcode:2018AdEnM...802019S. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Jokar, Efat; Chien, Cheng-Hsun; Tsai, Cheng-Min; Fathi, Amir; Diau, Eric Wei-Guang (January 2019). "Robust Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hybrid Organic Cations to Attain Efficiency Approaching 10%". Advanced Materials. 31 (2): e1804835. Bibcode:2019AdM....3104835J. doi:10.1002/adma.201804835. PMID 30411826.
  9. ^ Fang, Hong-Hua; Adjokatse, Sampson; Shao, Shuyan; Even, Jacky; Loi, Maria Antonietta (January 16, 2018). "Long-lived hot-carrier light emission and large blue shift in formamidinium tin triiodide perovskites". Nature Communications. 9 (243): 243. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..243F. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02684-w. PMC 5770436. PMID 29339814.