Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event

The Toarcian extinction event, also called the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction event,[1][2] the Early Toarcian mass extinction,[3] the Early Toarcian palaeoenvironmental crisis,[4] or the Jenkyns Event,[5][6][7] was an extinction event that occurred during the early part of the Toarcian age, approximately 183 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic. The extinction event had two main pulses,[4] the first being the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary event (PTo-E).[8] The second, larger pulse, the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE), was a global oceanic anoxic event,[9] representing possibly the most extreme case of widespread ocean deoxygenation in the entire Phanerozoic eon.[10] In addition to the PTo-E and TOAE, there were multiple other, smaller extinction pulses within this span of time.[8]

Occurring during the supergreenhouse climate of the Early Toarcian Thermal Maximum (ETTM),[11] the Early Toarcian extinction was associated with large igneous province volcanism,[12] which elevated global temperatures,[11] acidified the oceans,[13] and prompted the development of anoxia,[14] leading to severe biodiversity loss.[15] The biogeochemical crisis is documented by a high amplitude negative carbon isotope excursions,[16][17] as well as black shale deposition.[18]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference MassOriginationVersusMassExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference PliensbachianToarcianExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference EarlyToarcianMassExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference SuanEtAl2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Kemp, David B.; Suan, Guillaume; Fantasia, Alicia; Jin, Simin; Chen, Wenhan (August 2022). "Global organic carbon burial during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: Patterns and controls". Earth-Science Reviews. 231: 104086. Bibcode:2022ESRv..23104086K. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104086. S2CID 249693286. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  6. ^ Reolid, Matías; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís V.; Ruebsam, Wolfgang (2021-09-22). "The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: where do we stand?". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 514 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2021GSLSP.514....1R. doi:10.1144/SP514-2021-74. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 238683028.
  7. ^ Reolid, Matias; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luis V.; Marok, Abbas (1 June 2020). "The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and the Jenkyns Event (IGCP-655 final report)". Episodes. 43 (2): 833–844. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020051. ISSN 0705-3797. S2CID 216195656.
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference KrenckerEtAl2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference KempEtAl2022GPC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Ullmann, Clemens Vinzenz; Thibault, Nicolas; Ruhl, Micha; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Korte, Christoph (30 June 2014). "Effect of a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event on belemnite ecology and evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (28): 10073–10076. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320156111. PMC 4104856. PMID 24982187.
  11. ^ a b Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J.W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021). "Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years". Earth-Science Reviews. 215: 103503. Bibcode:2021ESRv..21503503S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 233579194. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Alt URL
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference SynchronyEarlyJurassicExtinctionOAE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference BoronEvidenceOfOceanAcid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference XiaMansour2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference ”JenkynsDinosaurs” was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Them, T.R.; Gill, B.C.; Caruthers, A.H.; Gröcke, D.R.; Tulsky, E.T.; Martindale, R.C.; Poulton, T.P.; Smith, P.L. (February 2017). "High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) from North America and implications for the global drivers of the Toarcian carbon cycle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 459: 118–126. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.459..118T. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.021.
  17. ^ Ros-Franch, Sonia; Echevarría, Javier; Damborenea, Susana E.; Manceñido, Miguel O.; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Al-Suwaidi, Aisha; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Riccardi, Alberto C. (1 July 2019). "Population response during an Oceanic Anoxic Event: The case of Posidonotis (Bivalvia) from the Lower Jurassic of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 525: 57–67. Bibcode:2019PPP...525...57R. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.009. hdl:11336/128130. S2CID 146525666. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference BeaujolaisBlackShales was invoked but never defined (see the help page).