Toxocariasis

Toxocariasis
SpecialtyParasitology, infectious disease
Symptomsfever, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, bronchospasm, wheezing, abdominal pain, headaches, shortness of breath, visual impairment
Complicationsrespiratory failure, meningitis, encephalitis, epileptic seizures, myocarditis, blindness
Causesdog roundworm (Toxocara canis), cat roundworm (Toxocara cati)
Diagnostic methodserologic testing (serum total IgE, ELISA to detect specific anti-Toxocara IgE)
Differential diagnosisBaylisascaris procyonis, filariasis
Preventioncontrol of parasites in domestic dogs and cats, proper disposal of pet feces, hand hygiene
Treatmentanthelmintic medications
Medicationalbendazole, diethylcarbamazine

Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis) and, less frequently, the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati).[1] These are the most common intestinal roundworms of dogs, coyotes, wolves and foxes and domestic cats, respectively.[2] Humans are among the many "accidental" or paratenic hosts of these roundworms.[3]

While this zoonotic infection is usually asymptomatic, it may cause severe disease. There are three distinct syndromes of toxocariasis: covert toxocariasis is a relatively mild illness very similar to Löffler's syndrome. It is characterized by fever, eosinophilia, urticaria, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, bronchospasm, wheezing, abdominal pain, headaches, and/or hepatosplenomegaly. Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a more severe form of the disease; signs and symptoms depend on the specific organ system(s) involved. Lung involvement may manifest as shortness of breath, interstitial lung disease, pleural effusion, and even respiratory failure. Brain involvement may manifest as meningitis, encephalitis, or epileptic seizures. Cardiac involvement may manifest as myocarditis. Ocular larva migrans (OLM) is the third syndrome, manifesting as uveitis, endophthalmitis, visual impairment or even blindness in the affected eye.[4]

  1. ^ https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article/142/suppl_1/A104/1771175 Eosinophilic Pseudoleukemia Due to Toxocariasis in a 3-year-old Patient: Report of A Rare Case
  2. ^ Wu T, Bowman DD (2020). "Visceral larval migrans of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in non-canid and non-felid hosts". Advances in Parasitology. 109. Elsevier: 63–88. doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.02.001. ISBN 978-0-12-820958-5. PMID 32381221. S2CID 216238751.
  3. ^ Marty A (2000). "Toxocariasis Chapter 27". In Meyers WM, Neafie RC, Marty AM, Wear DJ (eds.). Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Vol. I: Helminthiases. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp. 411–21. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  4. ^ Toxocariasis at eMedicine