Transtheoretical model

The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual.^[1] The model is composed of constructs such as: stages of change, processes of change, levels of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance.^[1]

The transtheoretical model is also known by the abbreviation "TTM"^[2] and sometimes by the term "stages of change",^[3] although this latter term is a synecdoche since the stages of change are only one part of the model along with processes of change, levels of change, etc.^[1]^[4] Several self-help books—Changing for Good (1994),^[5] Changeology (2012),^[6] and Changing to Thrive (2016)^[7]—and articles in the news media^[8] have discussed the model. In 2009, an article in the British Journal of Health Psychology called it "arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change, having received unprecedented research attention, yet it has simultaneously attracted exceptional criticism".^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c Prochaska, James O.; DiClemente, Carlo C. (2005). "The transtheoretical approach". In Norcross, John C.; Goldfried, Marvin R. (eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. Oxford series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 147–171. ISBN 978-0195165791. OCLC 54803644.
^ Prochaska, James O.; Butterworth, Susan; Redding, Colleen A.; Burden, Verna; Perrin, Nancy; Leo, Michael; Flaherty-Robb, Marna; Prochaska, Janice M. (March 2008). "Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion". Preventive Medicine. 46 (3): 226–231. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.007. PMC 3384542. PMID 18155287.
^ For example: Greene, GW; Rossi, SR; Rossi, JS; Velicer, WF; Fava, JL; Prochaska, JO (June 1999). "Dietary applications of the stages of change model". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 99 (6): 673–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00164-9. PMID 10361528.
^ Fromme, Donald K. (2011). Systems of psychotherapy: dialectical tensions and integration. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 34–36. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7308-5. ISBN 9781441973078. OCLC 696327398.
^ Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C.; DiClemente, Carlo C. (1994). Changing for good: the revolutionary program that explains the six stages of change and teaches you how to free yourself from bad habits (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0688112639. OCLC 29429279.
^ Norcross, John C.; Loberg, Kristin; Norcross, Jonathon (2012). Changeology: 5 steps to realizing your goals and resolutions. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451657616. OCLC 779265892.
^ Prochaska, James O.; Prochaska, Janice M. (2016). Changing to thrive: using the stages of change to overcome the top threats to your health and happiness. Center City, MN: Hazelden. ISBN 9781616496296. OCLC 956501910.
^
Examples of articles in the news media include:
- Goleman, Daniel (1 September 1993). "New addiction approach gets results". The New York Times. p. C10. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
- Miller, Kay (29 December 2001). "Revolving resolutions – Year after new year, we vow to lose weight, stop smoking, find love or a better job – only to fail. A few simple strategies could set us straight". Star Tribune. p. 1E.
- Stettner, Morey (19 December 2005). "A methodical way to change bad behavior". Investor's Business Daily. p. A11.
- "Why it's hard to change unhealthy behavior – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 14, no. 5. Harvard Health Publishing. January 2007. pp. 4–5. PMID 17304698.
- "Understanding change: expect a few bumps". The Washington Post. 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
- Carbine, Michael E. (6 March 2009). "Health plans use a variety of strategies to identify and ensure compliance among diabetics". AIS's Health Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
- "Why behavior change is hard – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 19, no. 7. Harvard Health Publishing. March 2012. pp. 4–5. PMID 22550732.
- Gropper, Michael (23 June 2015). "Overcoming your psychological inertia". The Jerusalem Post. p. Features, 25. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- Wu, Fiona (21 February 2020). "Get psyched: starting fresh". The Vanderbilt Hustler. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
^ Armitage, Christopher J. (2009-05-01). "Is there utility in the transtheoretical model?". British Journal of Health Psychology. 14 (Pt 2): 195–210. doi:10.1348/135910708X368991. ISSN 1359-107X. PMID 18922209.

[Prochaska2005-1] Prochaska, James O.; DiClemente, Carlo C. (2005). "The transtheoretical approach". In Norcross, John C.; Goldfried, Marvin R. (eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. Oxford series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 147–171. ISBN 978-0195165791. OCLC 54803644.

[Prochaska_2008-2] Prochaska, James O.; Butterworth, Susan; Redding, Colleen A.; Burden, Verna; Perrin, Nancy; Leo, Michael; Flaherty-Robb, Marna; Prochaska, Janice M. (March 2008). "Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion". Preventive Medicine. 46 (3): 226–231. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.007. PMC 3384542. PMID 18155287.

[3] For example: Greene, GW; Rossi, SR; Rossi, JS; Velicer, WF; Fava, JL; Prochaska, JO (June 1999). "Dietary applications of the stages of change model". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 99 (6): 673–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00164-9. PMID 10361528.

[Fromme2011-4] Fromme, Donald K. (2011). Systems of psychotherapy: dialectical tensions and integration. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 34–36. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7308-5. ISBN 9781441973078. OCLC 696327398.

[Prochaska,_JO_1994-5] Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C.; DiClemente, Carlo C. (1994). Changing for good: the revolutionary program that explains the six stages of change and teaches you how to free yourself from bad habits (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0688112639. OCLC 29429279.

[6] Norcross, John C.; Loberg, Kristin; Norcross, Jonathon (2012). Changeology: 5 steps to realizing your goals and resolutions. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451657616. OCLC 779265892.

[7] Prochaska, James O.; Prochaska, Janice M. (2016). Changing to thrive: using the stages of change to overcome the top threats to your health and happiness. Center City, MN: Hazelden. ISBN 9781616496296. OCLC 956501910.

[8] Examples of articles in the news media include:
Goleman, Daniel (1 September 1993). "New addiction approach gets results". The New York Times. p. C10. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

Miller, Kay (29 December 2001). "Revolving resolutions – Year after new year, we vow to lose weight, stop smoking, find love or a better job – only to fail. A few simple strategies could set us straight". Star Tribune. p. 1E.

Stettner, Morey (19 December 2005). "A methodical way to change bad behavior". Investor's Business Daily. p. A11.

"Why it's hard to change unhealthy behavior – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 14, no. 5. Harvard Health Publishing. January 2007. pp. 4–5. PMID 17304698.

"Understanding change: expect a few bumps". The Washington Post. 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

Carbine, Michael E. (6 March 2009). "Health plans use a variety of strategies to identify and ensure compliance among diabetics". AIS's Health Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

"Why behavior change is hard – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 19, no. 7. Harvard Health Publishing. March 2012. pp. 4–5. PMID 22550732.

Gropper, Michael (23 June 2015). "Overcoming your psychological inertia". The Jerusalem Post. p. Features, 25. Retrieved 18 February 2021.

Wu, Fiona (21 February 2020). "Get psyched: starting fresh". The Vanderbilt Hustler. Retrieved 18 February 2021.

[9] Goleman, Daniel (1 September 1993). "New addiction approach gets results". The New York Times. p. C10. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

[10] Miller, Kay (29 December 2001). "Revolving resolutions – Year after new year, we vow to lose weight, stop smoking, find love or a better job – only to fail. A few simple strategies could set us straight". Star Tribune. p. 1E.

[11] Stettner, Morey (19 December 2005). "A methodical way to change bad behavior". Investor's Business Daily. p. A11.

[12] "Why it's hard to change unhealthy behavior – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 14, no. 5. Harvard Health Publishing. January 2007. pp. 4–5. PMID 17304698.

[13] "Understanding change: expect a few bumps". The Washington Post. 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

[14] Carbine, Michael E. (6 March 2009). "Health plans use a variety of strategies to identify and ensure compliance among diabetics". AIS's Health Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

[15] "Why behavior change is hard – and why you should keep trying". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol. 19, no. 7. Harvard Health Publishing. March 2012. pp. 4–5. PMID 22550732.

[16] Gropper, Michael (23 June 2015). "Overcoming your psychological inertia". The Jerusalem Post. p. Features, 25. Retrieved 18 February 2021.

[17] Wu, Fiona (21 February 2020). "Get psyched: starting fresh". The Vanderbilt Hustler. Retrieved 18 February 2021.

[Armitage-9] Armitage, Christopher J. (2009-05-01). "Is there utility in the transtheoretical model?". British Journal of Health Psychology. 14 (Pt 2): 195–210. doi:10.1348/135910708X368991. ISSN 1359-107X. PMID 18922209.

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