Tree injection

Trunk injection or endotherapy also known as vegetative endotherapy,[1][2][3] is a method of target-precise application of pesticides,[4][5][6] plant resistance activators,[7] or fertilizers[8] into the xylem vascular tissue of a tree with the purpose of protecting the tree from pests, or to inject nutrients to correct for nutrient deficiencies. This method largely relies on harnessing the tree's vascular system to translocate and distribute the active compounds into the wood, canopy and roots where protection or nutrition is needed.[9]

Trunk injection/endotherapy is currently the most popular method for control of damaging insects,[10] pathogens,[11][12] and nematodes[13][14][15] in landscape tree care.

Endotherapy is the concept when treatments using the appropriate material formulation are carried out from the inside out through xylem translocation in the trunk/stem of plants during the photosynthetic cycle. Trunk injection is an older term that only reflects how the technique is performed.[16]

  1. ^ Ferreira, Jordana Alves; Esparraguera, Llorenç Baronat; Queiroz, Sonia Claudia Nascimento; Bottoli, Carla Beatriz Grespan (July 2023). "Vegetative Endotherapy—Advances, Perspectives, and Challenges". Agriculture. 13 (7): 1465. doi:10.3390/agriculture13071465. ISSN 2077-0472.
  2. ^ Aćimović, S. G.; VanWoerkom, A. H.; Reeb, P. D.; Vandervoort, C.; Garavaglia, T.; Cregg, B. M.; Wise, J. C. (2014). "Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected imidacloprid in apple tree canopies". Pest Management Science. 70 (11): 1751–1760. doi:10.1002/ps.3747. PMID 24481641.
  3. ^ Düker, A.; Kubiak, R. (2011). "Stem injection of prohexadione carboxylic acid to protect blossoms of apple trees from fire blight infection (Erwinia amylovora)". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 118 (5): 156–160. doi:10.1007/BF03356398. JSTOR 43229291. S2CID 87886407.
  4. ^ Dula, T.; Kappes, E. M.; Horvath, A.; Rabai, A. (2007). "Preliminary trials on treatment of esca-infected grapevines with trunk injection of fungicides". Phytopathologia Mediterranea (46): 91–95. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
  5. ^ Darrieutort, P.; Lecomte, P. (2007). "Evaluation of a trunk injection technique to control grapevine wood diseases". Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 46 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1400/68068. JSTOR 26463270.
  6. ^ Aćimović, S. G.; VanWoerkom, A. H.; Garavaglia, T.; Vandervoort, C.; Wise, J. C.; Sundin, G. W. (2013). "Control of (Venturia inaequalis) using trunk injection of biopesticides and fungicides in apple trees". Phytopathology. 103 (Suppl. 2): S21–S2169. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-103-6-S2.1. PMID 23676108.
  7. ^ Aćimović, S. G.; Zeng, Q.; McGhee, G. C.; Wise, J. C.; Sundin, G. W. "Trunk-injected potassium phosphites and acibenzolar-S-methyl induce SAR in apple trees allowing control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)".
  8. ^ Shaaban, M. M. (2009). "Injection Fertilization: A Full Nutritional Technique for Fruit Trees Saves 90-95% of Fertilizers and Maintains a Clean Environment" (PDF). Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology. 3 (1): 22–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.
  9. ^ Barney, D.; Walser, R.H.; Nelson, S.D.; Williams, C. F.; Jolley, Von D. (1985). "Control of iron chlorosis in apple trees with injections of ferrous sulfate and ferric citrate and with soil-applied iron-sul". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 7 (1–5): 313–317. doi:10.1080/01904168409363198.
  10. ^ Doccola, J. J.; Bristol, E. J.; Sifleet, S. D.; Lojko, J.; Wild, P. M. (2007). "Efficacy and duration of trunk-injected imidacloprid in the management of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)" (PDF). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33 (1): 12–21. doi:10.48044/jauf.2007.002.
  11. ^ Doccola, J. J.; Strom, B. L.; Brownie, C.; Klepzig, K. D. (2011). "Impact of Systemic Fungicides on Lesions Formed by Inoculation with the Bluestain Fungus (Ophiostoma minus) in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37 (6): 288–292. doi:10.48044/jauf.2011.037. S2CID 195822640.
  12. ^ Dal Maso, E.; Cocking, J.; Montecchio, L. (2014). "Efficacy tests on commercial fungicides against ash dieback in vitro and by trunk injection". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 13 (4): 697–703. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.005.
  13. ^ Viglierchio, D. R.; Maggenti, A. R.; Schmittt, R. V.; Paxman, G. A. (1977). "Nematicidal injection: targeted control of plant-parasitic nematodes of trees and vines". Journal of Nematology. 9 (4): 307–11. PMC 2620266. PMID 19305613.
  14. ^ Jansson, R. K.; Rabatin, S. (December 1997). "Curative and Residual Efficacy of Injection Applications of Avermectins for Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes on Banana". Journal of Nematology. 29 (4S): 695–702. PMC 2619829. PMID 19274271.
  15. ^ Takai, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kawazu, K. (2003). "Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate". Pest Management Science. 59 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1002/ps.651. PMID 12639056.
  16. ^ Ferreira, Jordana Alves; Esparraguera, Llorenç Baronat; Queiroz, Sonia Claudia Nascimento; Bottoli, Carla Beatriz Grespan (July 2023). "Vegetative Endotherapy—Advances, Perspectives, and Challenges". Agriculture. 13 (7): 1465. doi:10.3390/agriculture13071465. ISSN 2077-0472.