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Triple parentheses or triple brackets, or an echo, often referred to in print as an (((echo))), are an antisemitic symbol that has been used to highlight the names of individuals thought to be Jews, and the names of organizations thought to be owned by Jews. This use of the symbol originated from the alt-right-affiliated, neo-Nazi blog The Right Stuff, whose editors said that the symbol refers to the historic actions of Jews which have caused their surnames to "echo throughout history".[1] The triple parentheses have been adopted as an online stigma by antisemites, neo-Nazis, browsers of the "Politically Incorrect" board on 4chan, and white nationalists to identify individuals of Jewish background as targets for online harassment, such as Jewish political journalists critical of Donald Trump during his 2016 election campaign.[2][3]
Use of the notation was brought to mainstream attention by an article posted by Mic in June 2016.[4][5] The reports also led Google to remove a browser extension meant to automatically place the "echo" notation around Jewish names on web pages,[5] and the notation being classified as a form of hate speech by the Anti-Defamation League.[4] In the wake of these actions, some users, both Jews and non-Jews, have intentionally placed their own names within triple parentheses as an act of reappropriation or solidarity.[6]
Prior to its use as an antisemitic label or identifier, ((( screen name ))) had been used in online communities such as AOL to indicate that a user was "cyberhugging" the user with the specified screen name.[7]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
micwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Waldman, Katy (2 June 2016). "(((The Jewish Cowbell))): Unpacking a Gross New Meme From the Alt-Right". Slate. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ Gunaratna, Shanika (10 June 2016). "Neo-Nazis tag (((Jews))) on Twitter as hate speech, politics collide". CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b Fleishman, Cooper; Smith, Anthony (6 June 2016). "The Neo-Nazi (((Echoes))) Symbol Is Officially Hate Speech". Mic. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
jp-echoswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
cnn-echowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lang, Brian (1999). Making the Internet Family Friendly. Nashville, Tenn. : T. Nelson. pp. Section 2. ISBN 0-7852-7568-1.