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Trumpism, also known as the MAGA movement, is a political movement in the United States that comprises the political ideologies associated with Donald Trump and his political base.[7][8] It incorporates ideologies such as right-wing populism, national conservatism and neo-nationalism, and features significant illiberal and authoritarian beliefs.[a][9][10][11][12] There is significant academic debate over the prevalence of neo-fascist[b] and fascist[13][14][15][27][note 3] elements of Trumpism. Trumpists and Trumpians are terms that refer to individuals exhibiting its characteristics.
Trumpism is associated with the belief that the President is above the rule of law.[28][29][30][31] It has been referred to as an American political variant of the far-right[32][33] and the national-populist and neo-nationalist sentiment seen in multiple nations starting in the late 2010s.[34] Trump supporters became the largest faction of the United States Republican Party, with the remainder often characterized as "the elite" or "the establishment" in contrast. In response to the rise of Trump, there has arisen a Never Trump movement.
Some commentators have rejected the populist designation for Trumpism and view it instead as part of a trend towards a new form of fascism or neo-fascism, with some referring to it as explicitly fascist and others as authoritarian and illiberal.[15][11][35][note 3] Others have more mildly identified it as a specific light version of fascism in the United States.[13][14] Some historians, including many of those using a new fascism classification,[note 4] write of the hazards of direct comparisons with European fascist regimes of the 1930s, stating that while there are parallels, there are also important dissimilarities.[40][41][note 5] Trump's political base has been compared to a cult of personality.[c]
The label Trumpism has been applied to national-conservative and national-populist movements in other democracies. Politicians labeled as Trumpist by news agencies include Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, Viktor Orbán of Hungary, Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos of the Philippines, Shinzo Abe of Japan, Yoon Suk Yeol of South Korea, Javier Milei of Argentina, and Prabowo Subianto of Indonesia.
- ^ Hovland 2020.
- ^ McCarthy, Ho & Greve 2021.
- ^ Andersen 2021.
- ^ Blake 2021.
- ^ Haberman 2021.
- ^ da Silva 2020.
- ^ Reicher & Haslam 2016.
- ^ Dean & Altemeyer 2020, p. 11.
- ^ Hopkin & Blyth 2020.
- ^ Gordon 2018, p. 68.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Adler-2022was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lachmann, Richard (January 1, 2019). "Trump: authoritarian, just another neoliberal republican, or both?". Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas (89): 9–31. ISSN 0873-6529.
- ^ a b Kagan 2016.
- ^ a b McGaughey 2018.
- ^ a b Foster 2017.
- ^ a b Butler 2016.
- ^ a b Chomsky 2020.
- ^ a b Berkeley News 2020.
- ^ a b Badiou 2019, p. 19.
- ^ a b Giroux 2021.
- ^ a b Traverso 2017, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Tarizzo 2021, p. 163.
- ^ a b Ibish 2020.
- ^ a b Cockburn 2020.
- ^ a b Drutman 2021.
- ^ a b West 2020.
- ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
- ^ Havercroft, Jonathan; Wiener, Antje; Kumm, Mattias; Dunoff, Jeffrey L (March 2018). "Editorial: Donald Trump as global constitutional breaching experiment". Global Constitutionalism. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S2045381718000035. ISSN 2045-3817.
- ^ Fassassi, Idris (2020). "Donald Trump et la Constitution". Pouvoirs (in French). 172 (1): 29–48. doi:10.3917/pouv.172.0029. ISSN 0152-0768.
- ^ Darby, David (February 15, 2024). "The Constitution versus Donald J. Trump • Daily Montanan". Daily Montanan. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Lusane, Clarence (February 15, 2024). "Donald Trump Makes a Mockery of the Constitution". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Lowndes 2019.
- ^ Bennhold 2020.
- ^ Isaac 2017.
- ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
- ^ Badiou 2019, p. 15.
- ^ Traverso 2017, p. 35.
- ^ Tarizzo 2021, p. 178.
- ^ Giroux 2017.
- ^ Evans 2021.
- ^ Weber 2021.
- ^ Boggs 2018, pp. 195–205.
- ^ Sundahl 2022.
- ^ Franks & Hesami 2021.
- ^ Adams, Kenneth Alan (Spring 2021). "The Trump Death Cult". Journal of Psychohistory. 48 (4): 256–276. ISSN 0145-3378. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
- ^ Reyes, Antonio (May 4, 2020). "I, Trump The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the Post-Truth era". Journal of Language and Politics. 19 (6): 869–892. doi:10.1075/jlp.20002.rey. ISSN 1569-2159. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
- ^ Goldsmith, Benajmin E.; Moen, Lars J. K. (May 14, 2024). "The personality of a personality cult? Personality characteristics of Donald Trump's most loyal supporters". Political Psychology (Special Issue). doi:10.1111/pops.12991.
We contend that, for his most committed followers, the attraction is personality-based — both in terms of Trump's self-presentation to citizens and in terms of the personality characteristics making some citizens attracted to such leadership. Trump's appeal appears to fit Sundahl's (2023) three characteristics of a personality cult. The phenomenon of a political personality cult may have arrived in full force in U.S. democracy — and could potentially be its undoing.
- ^ Diamond, Michael J. (February 22, 2023). "Perverted Containment: Trumpism, Cult Creation, and the Rise of Destructive American Populism". Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 43 (2). Taylor & Francis: 96–109. doi:10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147. ISSN 0735-1690. Archived from the original on November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
The cult of Trumpism fosters and exploits paranoia and allegiance to an all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism.
- ^ Hassan, Steven (2019). The Cult of Trump. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982127336.
- ^ Butler, Anthea (2020). White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469661179.
- ^ Haltiwanger, John (March 4, 2021). "Republicans have built a cult of personality around Trump that glosses over his disgraced presidency". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (August 21, 2022). "Analysis | Trump's personality cult and the erosion of U.S. democracy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
- ^ Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (December 9, 2020). "Op-Ed: Trump's formula for building a lasting personality cult". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
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