Tunneling nanotube

Not to be confused with nanotube membrane.
A High resolution 3D live-cell fluorescence image of a tunneling nanotube (TNT) (white arrow) connecting two primary mesothelial cells. Scale bar: 20 μm.
B Depiction of a TNT (black arrow) between two cells with scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar: 10 μm.
C Fluorescently labeled F-actin (white arrow) present in TNTs between individual HPMCs. Scale bar: 20 μm.
D Scanning electron microscope image of a potential TNT precursor (black arrowhead). Insert shows a fluorescence microscopic image of filopodia-like protrusions (white arrowhead) approaching a neighboring cell. Scale bar: 2 μm.[1]

A tunneling nanotube (TNT) or membrane nanotube is a term that has been applied to cytoskeletal protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane which enable different animal cells to connect over long distances, sometimes over 100 μm between certain types of cells.[2][3][4] Tunneling nanotubes that are less than 0.7 micrometers in diameter, have an actin structure and carry portions of plasma membrane between cells in both directions. Larger TNTs (>0.7 μm) contain an actin structure with microtubules and/or intermediate filaments, and can carry components such as vesicles and organelles between cells, including whole mitochondria.[5][6][7] The diameter of TNTs ranges from 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm and they can reach lengths of several cell diameters.[7][8] There have been two types of observed TNTs: open ended and closed ended. Open ended TNTs connect the cytoplasm of two cells. Closed ended TNTs do not have continuous cytoplasm as there is a gap junction cap that only allows small molecules and ions to flow between cells.[9] These structures have shown involvement in cell-to-cell communication, transfer of nucleic acids such as mRNA and miRNA between cells in culture or in a tissue, and the spread of pathogens or toxins such as HIV and prions.[10][11][12][13][14][3] TNTs have observed lifetimes ranging from a few minutes up to several hours, and several proteins have been implicated in their formation and inhibition, including many that interact with Arp2/3.[15][16]

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