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U-boat campaign | |||||||
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Part of the naval theatre of World War I | |||||||
A German postcard depicting the U-boat SM U-20 sinking RMS Lusitania | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy French Navy Regia Marina United States Navy Imperial Japanese Navy Brazilian Navy Imperial Russian Navy Royal Romanian Navy |
Imperial German Navy Austro-Hungarian Navy Bulgarian Navy | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss |
Hugo von Pohl Gustav Bachmann Henning von Holtzendorff Reinhard Scheer | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
~500 Royal Navy destroyers[1] ~250 US destroyers[2] Various armed trawlers and smaller vessels Defensively armed merchant ships 366 Q-ships | 351 U-boats | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
5,000 merchant ships sunk[3] 15,000 merchant sailors killed 104 warships sunk[4] 42 warships damaged 61 Q-ships sunk[5] |
217 U-boats lost to all causes 6,000 sailors killed |
The U-boat campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and submarine warfare to operate elsewhere.[citation needed]
German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with over 12 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat.[6] U-boats operated in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and to a lesser degree in both the Far East and South East Asia, and the Indian Ocean. However, the Allies were able to keep a fairly constant tonnage of shipping available, due to a combination of ship construction and countermeasures, particularly the introduction of convoys.[7]