Ueno (written: 上野 or 植野) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Chizuko Ueno (上野 千鶴子, born 1948), Japanese sociologist
- Emiko Ueno (植野 恵美子, born 1957), Japanese female badminton player
- Hideaki Ueno (上野 秀章, born 1981), Japanese football player
- Hidesaburō Ueno (上野 英三郎, 1871–1925), Japanese agricultural scientist
- Hikoma Ueno (上野 彦馬, 1838–1904), pioneer Japanese photographer
- Hirokazu Ueno (上野 裕和, born 1977), Japanese professional shogi player
- Hiroki Ueno (baseball) (上野 大樹, born 1986), Japanese professional baseball pitcher
- Hiroki Ueno (ice hockey) (上野 拓紀, born 1986), Japanese professional ice hockey winger
- Juri Ueno (上野 樹里, born 1986), Japanese actress
- Kagenori Ueno (上野 景範, 1845–1888), Japanese Consul in Great Britain from 1874 to 1879
- Ken Ueno (born 1970), American composer
- Kenichiro Ueno (上野 賢一郎, born 1965), Japanese politician
- Kōji Ueno (上野 耕路, born 1960), Japanese composer and musician
- Kyuhei Ueno (上野 九平), Japanese mixed martial artist
- Masae Ueno (上野 雅恵, born 1979), Japanese female judoka
- Nobuhiro Ueno (上野 展裕, born 1965), Japanese football coach and former player
- Osamu Ueno (上野 修, born 1983), Japanese freestyle skier
- Rie Ueno (上野 理恵, born 1976), Japanese long-distance runner
- Shōichi Ueno (上野 尚一, 1936–2016), Japanese newspaper publisher and philanthropist
- Tadami Ueno (上野 忠美, born 1948), Japanese professional golfer
- Takahiro Ueno (上野 高広, born 1971), Japanese professional drifting driver and businessman
- Taro Ueno (上野 太郎, born 1980), Japanese sailor
- Toshiya Ueno (上野 俊哉, 1963–2013), Japanese film director, actor, screenwriter, and producer
- Yoichi Ueno (上野 陽一, 1883–1957), Japanese business theorist
- Yoko Ueno (上野 洋子, born 1963), Japanese recording artist
- Yoshie Ueno (上野 順恵, born 1983), Japanese female judoka
- Yoshiharu Ueno (上野 良治, born 1973), Japanese footballer
- Yuichiro Ueno (上野 裕一郎, born 1985), Japanese long-distance runner
- Yuki Ueno (上野 勇希, born 1995), Japanese professional wrestler
- Yukiko Ueno (上野 由岐子, born 1982), Japanese softball pitcher
- Yusaku Ueno (上野 優作, born 1973), Japanese football player