Ukraine Україна (Ukrainian) | |
---|---|
Anthem: Державний Гімн України Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy "State Anthem of Ukraine" | |
Capital and largest city | Kyiv 49°N 32°E / 49°N 32°E |
| Ukrainian[1] |
Ethnic groups (2001)[2] |
|
Religion (2018)[3] |
|
Demonym(s) | Ukrainian |
Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
Volodymyr Zelenskyy | |
Denys Shmyhal | |
Ruslan Stefanchuk | |
Legislature | Verkhovna Rada |
Formation | |
882 | |
1199 | |
18 August 1649 | |
20 November 1917 | |
10 March 1919 | |
24 October 1945 | |
24 August 1991 | |
28 June 1996 | |
Area | |
• Total | 603,628[4] km2 (233,062 sq mi) (45th) |
• Water (%) | 3.8[5] |
Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 33,443,000[6] (36th) |
• Density | 60.9/km2 (157.7/sq mi) (126th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $655.583 billion[6] (49th) |
• Per capita | $19,603[6] (102nd) |
GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $184.099 billion[6] (58th) |
• Per capita | $5,504[6] (111st) |
Gini (2020) | 25.6[7] low inequality |
HDI (2022) | 0.734[8] high (100th) |
Currency | Hryvnia (₴) (UAH) |
Time zone | UTC+2[9] (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy |
Drives on | right |
Calling code | +380 |
ISO 3166 code | UA |
Internet TLD |
Ukraine[a] is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country[b] after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast.[c][10] It also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova[d] to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast.[e] Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Dnipro, and Odesa. Ukraine's official language is Ukrainian.
During the Middle Ages, Ukraine was the site of early Slavic expansion and the area later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia. The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and absorbed by the Russian Empire. Ukrainian nationalism developed and, following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union when it was formed in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a human-made famine. The German occupation during World War II in Ukraine was devastating, with 7 million Ukrainian civilians killed, including most Ukrainian Jews.
Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved, and declared itself neutral.[11] A new constitution was adopted in 1996. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the Euromaidan, led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after a revolution. Russia then unilaterally annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula, and pro-Russian unrest culminated in a war in the Donbas between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to seek closer ties with the United States, European Union, and NATO.[12][13][14]
Ukraine is a unitary state and its system of government is a semi-presidential republic. A developing country, it is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita[15] and corruption remains a significant issue.[16] However, due to its extensive fertile land, pre-war Ukraine was one of the largest grain exporters in the world.[17][18] Ukraine is considered a middle power in global affairs, and the Ukrainian Armed Force is the fifth largest armed force in the world in terms of both active personnel as well as total number of personnel with the eighth largest defence budget in the world. The Ukrainian Armed Forces also operates one of the largest and most diverse drone fleets in the world. It is a founding member of the United Nations, as well as a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the OSCE. It is in the process of joining the European Union and has applied to join NATO.[19]
Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).European Commission Trade Ukraine
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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