Ultra-cool dwarf

Size comparison of the Sun (at left) and TRAPPIST-1 (an ultra-cool dwarf)

An ultra-cool dwarf is a stellar or sub-stellar object that has an effective temperature lower than 2,700 K (2,430 °C; 4,400 °F).[1] This category of dwarf stars was introduced in 1997 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick, Todd J. Henry, and Michael J. Irwin. It originally included very low mass M-dwarf stars with spectral types of M7 but was later expanded to encompass stars ranging from the coldest known to brown dwarfs as cool as spectral type T6.5. Altogether, ultra-cool dwarfs represent about 15% of the astronomical objects in the stellar neighborhood of the Sun.[2] One of the best known examples is TRAPPIST-1.[3]

Models of the formation of planets suggest that due to their low masses and the small size of their proto-planetary disks, these stars could host a relatively abundant population of terrestrial planets ranging from Mercury-sized to Earth-sized bodies, rather than a population of super-Earths and Jupiter-massed planets. The discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system, consisting of seven Earth-sized planets, would appear to validate this accretion model.[4]

Due to their slow hydrogen fusion, when compared to other types of low-mass stars the life spans of ultra-cool dwarfs are estimated to be at least several hundred billion years, with the smallest among them living for about 12 trillion years. As the age of the universe is only 13.8 billion years, all ultra-cool dwarf stars are therefore in the early portions of their life-cycles. Models predict that at the ends of their lives the smallest of these stars will become blue dwarfs rather than expanding into red giants.[5]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference eso was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cantrell, Justin R.; Henry, Todd J.; White, Russel J. (13 September 2013). "The Solar Neighborhood Xxix: The Habitable Real Estate of Our Nearest Stellar Neighbors". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (4): 99. arXiv:1307.7038. Bibcode:2013AJ....146...99C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/99. S2CID 44208180.
  3. ^ Gillon, Michaël (May 5, 2017). "Ultra-Cool Dwarf Stars May Host Planets With Ultra-Cool Life". Vice.com. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference nasa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference adams was invoked but never defined (see the help page).