Union (American Civil War)

United States of America Union
1861–1865
Top: 1861–1863 Bottom: 1863–1865 Coat of arms
Motto: E pluribus unum Out of many, one
Anthem: Hail, Columbia (de facto) My Country, 'Tis of Thee (de facto)
Map of the division of the states in the American Civil War (1861–1865).   Northern and Western free states loyal to the United States   Southern slave states which seceded and formed the Confederacy   Southern slave states which remained in the Union (border states)[a] and seceded anti-slavery West Virginia   U.S. territories, with the exception of the Indian Territory (later Oklahoma)
Status	Recognized government of the United States
Capital	Washington, D.C.
Government	Federal presidential constitutional republic
President
• 1861–1865	Abraham Lincoln
• 1865	Andrew Johnson
Speaker of the House
• 1861–1863	Galusha A. Grow
• 1863–1865	Schuyler Colfax
Chief Justice
• 1861–1864	Roger B. Taney
• 1864–1865	Salmon P. Chase
Historical era	American Civil War
• Southern states declared secession	1860–1861
• Abraham Lincoln inauguration	March 4, 1861
• Battle of Fort Sumter	April 12–13, 1861
• Emancipation Proclamation	January 1, 1863
• New York City draft riots	July 13–16, 1863
• Savannah campaign	1864
• Appomattox campaign	March 29 – April 9, 1865
• Assassination of Abraham Lincoln	April 14, 1865
• Ceasefire Agreement of the Confederacy	April 9 – November 6, 1865
Today part of	United States

The Union, colloquially known as the North, refers to the United States when eleven Southern slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederacy or South, during the American Civil War. The Union was led by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, and sought to preserve the nation, a constitutional federal union.

In the context of the Civil War, "Union" is also often used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government".^[1] In this meaning, the Union included 20 free states (in the north and west) and four southern border slave states, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, though Missouri and Kentucky both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments with the Confederate government of Kentucky and the Confederate government of Missouri.^[2]

The Union Army was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular U.S. Army. Keeping the southern border states in the Union was considered essential to its winning the war.^[3][4]

The Northeast and Midwest provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies and financing the war. They provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, and training camps. Army hospitals were also set up across the Union. Most Northern states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64.^[5] The Democratic Party strongly supported the war at the beginning in 1861, but by 1862, was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element known as Peace Democrats, led by the extremist "Copperheads".^[6] The Democrats made major electoral gains in 1862 in state elections, most notably in New York. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. In 1864, the Republicans and War Democrats joined to campaign under the National Union Party banner, which also attracted most soldiers,^[7] and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan.

The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare ravaged the countryside. Almost all military actions took place in the South. Prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers' wives, widows, and orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered in order to escape the draft and to take advantage of generous cash bounties on offer from states and localities. Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially in parts of New York City, with its massive anti-draft riots of July 1863 and in some remote districts such as the Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania.

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