Family of computer operating systems
Operating system
Internet history timeline
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
1989 (1989 ) : AOL dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1990 (1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database
1994 (1994 ) : Yahoo! web directory
1995 (1995 ) : Amazon online retailer
1995 (1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping
1995 (1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements
1995 (1995 ) : AltaVista search engine
1996 (1996 ) : Outlook (formerly Hotmail) free web-based e-mail
1996 (1996 ) : RankDex search engine
1997 (1997 ) : Google Search
1997 (1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 (1998 ) : Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1998 (1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system
1998 (1998 ) : Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator
1999 (1999 ) : 2ch Anonymous textboard
1999 (1999 ) : i-mode mobile internet service
1999 (1999 ) : Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2000 (2000 ) : Baidu search engine
2001 (2001 ) : 2chan Anonymous imageboard
2001 (2001 ) : BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 (2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
2003 (2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking
2003 (2003 ) : Myspace social networking site
2003 (2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls
2003 (2003 ) : iTunes Store
2003 (2003 ) : 4chan Anonymous imageboard
2003 (2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host
2004 (2004 ) : Facebook social networking site
2004 (2004 ) : Podcast media file series
2004 (2004 ) : Flickr image hosting
2005 (2005 ) : YouTube video sharing
2005 (2005 ) : Reddit link voting
2005 (2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe
2006 (2006 ) : Twitter microblogging
2007 (2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 (2007 ) : Google Street View
2007 (2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 (2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 (2008 ) : Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 (2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 (2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 (2009 ) : Bing search engine
2009 (2009 ) : Google Docs , Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 (2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system
2009 (2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency
2010 (2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking
2011 (2011 ) : Google+ , social networking
2011 (2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing
2012 (2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses
2016 (2016 ) : TikTok , video sharing and social networking
Unix (, YOO -niks ; trademarked as UNIX ) is a family of multitasking , multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969[ 1] at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , and others.[ 4]
Initially intended for use inside the Bell System , AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California, Berkeley (BSD ), Microsoft (Xenix ), Sun Microsystems (SunOS /Solaris ), HP /HPE (HP-UX ), and IBM (AIX ). In the early 1990s, AT&T sold its rights in Unix to Novell , which then sold the UNIX trademark to The Open Group , an industry consortium founded in 1996. The Open Group allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the Single UNIX Specification (SUS).
Early versions of Unix ran on PDP-11 computers.
Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the "Unix philosophy ". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.[ 5] A unified and inode -based filesystem and an inter-process communication mechanism known as "pipes " serve as the main means of communication,[ 4] and a shell scripting and command language (the Unix shell ) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows.
Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language , which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.[ 6]
^ a b McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2017.
^ Ritchie, D. M. ; Thompson, K. (1974). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 17 (7): 365–375. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.118.1214 . doi :10.1145/361011.361061 . S2CID 53235982 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2015.
^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (1977). The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective (PDF) . Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2024 . a good case can be made that [UNIX] is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system
^ a b Ritchie, D.M. ; Thompson, K. (July 1978). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" . Bell System Tech. J . 57 (6): 1905–1929. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.112.595 . doi :10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x . Retrieved December 9, 2012 .
^ Raymond, Eric (19 September 2003). The Art of Unix Programming . Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-142901-7 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2009 .
^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (January 1993). "The Development of the C Language" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2022 .