| Upstep | |
|---|---|
| ꜛ◌ | |
| ꜞ◌ | |
| ꜟ◌ | |
| IPA Number | 518 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ꜛ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+A71B |
In linguistics, upstep is a phonemic or phonetic upward shift of tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart, downstep.
The symbol for upstep in the International Phonetic Alphabet is a superscript upward arrow [ꜛ] ([↑]). However, it is common, especially in the early research, to find a superscript (or sometimes subscript) inverted exclamation mark [ꜞ] ([¡]) or [¡], because of typographical constraints.
Hausa has upstep because of the interaction of tones when they are placed in context:[citation needed]
Upstep is superficially similar to pitch reset, which is nearly universal in the prosody of the world's languages. The most common prosodic contours occur in chunks with gradually declining pitch (here transcribed as a global fall, [↘]). Between such chunks, the pitch resets: