This page lists technical fingerprints of VPN providers and ways to manually query and verify them. The verification methods are provided for reference; use them at your own risk, in non-intrusive ways and in compliance with applicable laws and ISP policies. This applies especially to nmap.[a] Verification instructions are written for users of Linux-based operating systems, but should be largely OS-independent. This page focuses on discovery methods in the IPv4 address space, though some may also be adjusted to work with IPv6.
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