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Suez Crisis
The Tripartite Aggression
The Sinai War
Part of the Cold War and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Date29 October (2024-10-29)
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– 7 November 1956
(Sinai under Israeli occupation until March 1957)
Location
Gaza Strip and Egypt (Sinai and Suez Canal zone)
Result
  • Egyptian and Soviet political victory
  • Coalition military victory with subsequent forced Anglo-French withdrawal
  • Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957)
  • United Nations cease-fire
  • UNEF deployment in Sinai[1]
  • Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping
  • Resignation of Anthony Eden as British Prime Minister
  • End of Britain's role as a Superpower[2][3][4]
  • Guy Mollet's position as French Prime Minister heavily damaged and a major factor in his resignation five months after Eden's
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  • Israel 175,000
  • United Kingdom 45,000
  • France 34,000
 300,000[5]
Casualties and losses
Israel:
  • 231 killed[6]
  • 899 wounded
  • 4 captured[7]
United Kingdom:
  • 16 killed
  • 96 wounded
France:
  • 10 killed
  • 33 wounded

The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, Suez War, or Second Arab-Israeli War[13][14] (Arabic: أزمة السويس /‎ العدوان الثلاثي Azmat al-Suways / al-ʻUdwān al-Thulāthī , "Suez Crisis"/ "the Tripartite Aggression"; French: Crise du canal de Suez; Hebrew: מבצע קדש Mivtza' Kadesh "Operation Kadesh," or מלחמת סיני Milẖemet Sinai, "Sinai War"), was a diplomatic and military confrontation in late 1956 between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw.[15]

The attack followed the President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal, after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which was in response to Egypt's new ties with the Soviet Union and recognizing the People's Republic of China during the height of tensions between China and Taiwan.[16] The aims of the attack were primarily to regain Western control of the canal and to remove Nasser from power,[17] and the crisis highlighted the danger that Arab nationalism posed to Western access to Middle East oil.[18]

Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel, and then began to bomb Cairo. Despite the denials of the Israeli, British, and French governments, allegations began to emerge that the invasion of Egypt had been planned beforehand by the three powers.[19] Anglo-French forces withdrew before the end of the year, but Israeli forces remained until March 1957, prolonging the crisis. In April, the canal was fully reopened to shipping, but other repercussions followed.

The three allies, especially Israel, were mainly successful in attaining their immediate military objectives, but pressure from the United States and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw. As a result of the outside pressure Britain and France failed in their political and strategic aims of controlling the canal and removing Nasser from power. Israel fulfilled some of its objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran. As a result of the conflict, the UNEF would police the Egyptian–Israeli border to prevent both sides from recommencing hostilities.

  1. ^ Kunz, Diane B. (1991). The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis. p. 187. ISBN 0-8078-1967-0.
  2. ^ Brown, Derek (14 March 2001). "1956: Suez and the end of empire". The Guardian. London.
  3. ^ Reynolds, Paul (24 July 2006). "Suez: End of empire". BBC News.
  4. ^ History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172
  5. ^ Casualties in Arab–Israeli Wars, Jewish Virtual Library
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference jsource was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Dupuy 1343 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Varble, Derek The Suez Crisis 1956, Osprey: London 2003, p. 90
  9. ^ http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/israel/fsinai1956.htm
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schiff 1974, p. 70 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Schiff, Zeev; Šîf, Ze'ēv (1974). A History of the Israeli Army (1870-1974). ISBN 9780879320775.
  12. ^ Israel – The Suez War of 1956: U.S. newsreel footage. Event occurs at 0:30–0:40.
  13. ^ The Suez Crisis is also known as the Suez War or 1956 War, commonly known in the Arab world as the Tripartite aggression; other names include the Sinai war, Suez–Sinai war, 1956 Arab–Israeli War, the Second Arab–Israeli War, Suez Campaign, Sinai Campaign, Kadesh Operation, and Operation Musketeer
  14. ^ "Port Said Remembers 'Tripartite Aggression' of 1956'". Daily News Egypt.
  15. ^ Roger Owen "Suez Crisis" The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World, Second edition. Joel Krieger, ed. Oxford University Press Inc. 2001.
  16. ^ "Suez crisis" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  17. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2010). The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9780816053872.
  18. ^ Painter 2012, p. 32.
  19. ^ How Britain France and Israel Got Together, Time, 12 November 1956. "Within 24 hours after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain, and France joined in an ultimatum to Egypt and Israel—and then began to bomb Cairo. Israel's Foreign Ministry talked of "the unexpected intervention of Britain and France." Britain's Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd protested: "There was no prior agreement between us." Despite their words, there was plenty of evidence to show that the two attacks were planned in collusion ("orchestration" was the French word for it). In this conspiracy, France was the instigator, Britain a belated partner, and Israel the willing trigger."