Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Other names Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik | |
|---|---|
| 1922–1991 | |
| Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!) English translation: Workers of the world, unite! | |
| Anthem: The Internationale (1922–1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) | |
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| Capital | Moscow |
| Common languages | Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldovan, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Tajik |
| Demonym(s) | Soviet |
| Government | Federal socialist republic, Single-party communist state |
| General Secretary | |
• 1922–1953 (first) | Joseph Stalin |
• 1985–1991 (last) | Mikhail Gorbachev |
| Premier | |
• 1923–1924 (first) | Vladimir Lenin |
• 1991 (last) | Ivan Silayev |
| History | |
• Established | December 30 1922 |
• Disestablished | December 26, 19911 1991 |
| Area | |
| 1991 | 22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1991 | 293,047,571 |
| Currency | Ruble (SUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 to +13 |
| Calling code | 7 |
| Internet TLD | .su |
1On December 21, 1991, eleven of the former socialist republics declared in Alma-Ata (with the twelfth republic - Georgia - attending as an observer) that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist. 2The governments of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania view themselves as continuous and unrelated to the respective Soviet republics. Russia views the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian SSRs as legal constituent republics of the USSR and predecessors of the modern Baltic states. The Government of the United States and a number of other countries did not recognize the legal inclusion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the USSR. | |
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), occasionally called the United Soviet Socialist Republic,[1] was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union,[2] from Советский Союз, Sovetskiy Soyuz. A soviet is a council, the theoretical basis for the socialist society of the USSR.
Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia — after the Russian SFSR, its largest and most populous constituent state — continued to be commonly used throughout the country's existence. The geographic boundaries of the USSR varied with time, but after the last major territorial annexations of the Baltic states, eastern Poland, Bessarabia, and certain other territories during World War II, from 1945 until dissolution, the boundaries approximately corresponded to those of late Imperial Russia, with the notable exclusions of Poland and most of Finland. As the largest and oldest constitutionally communist state in existence, the Soviet Union became the primary model for future communist nations during the Cold War; the government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
From 1945 until dissolution in 1991—a period known as the Cold War — the Soviet Union and the United States of America were the two world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of economic policy, foreign affairs, military operations, cultural exchange, scientific advancements including the pioneering of space exploration, and sports (including the Olympic Games and various world championships).
Initially established as a union of four Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR grew to contain 15 constituent or "union republics" by 1956: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Russian SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR and Uzbek SSR. (From annexation of the Estonian SSR on August 6, 1940 up to the reorganization of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR on July 16, 1956, the count of "union republics" was 16.)
- ^ Works that use "United Soviet Socialist Republic" include:
- Understanding and preventing violence By Leighton C. Whitaker Published by CRC Press, 2000 ISBN 0849322650
- Depression to Cold War: a history of America from Herbert Hoover to Ronald Reagan By Joseph M. Siracusa, David G. Coleman Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 ISBN 027597555X
- Russia By Oleg Torchinsky, Angela Black Edition: 2, illustrated, revised Published by Marshall Cavendish, 2005 ISBN 0761418490
- Paul Hasluck in Australian History: Civic Personality and Public Life By Tom Stannage, Kay Saunders, Richard Nile Contributor Tom Stannage Published by Univ. of Queensland Press, 1999 ISBN 0702230979
- The socialist tradition: from crisis to decline By Carl Boggs Edition: illustrated Published by Routledge, 1995 ISBN 0415906709
- Science and the Pacific War: science and survival in the Pacific, 1939-1945 By Roy M. MacLeod Edition: illustrated Published by Springer, 2000 ISBN 0792358511
- ^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Britannica.