Uterine inversion

"Inverted uterus" redirects here. For a different orientation of the uterus, see retroverted uterus.
Uterine inversion
Complete inverted uterus
SpecialtyObstetrics
SymptomsPostpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, mass in the vagina, low blood pressure[1]
TypesFirst, second, third, fourth degree[1]
Risk factorsPulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders[1]
Diagnostic methodSeeing the inside of the uterus in the vagina[2]
Differential diagnosisUterine fibroid, uterine atony, bleeding disorder, retained placenta[1]
TreatmentStandard resuscitation, rapidly replacing the uterus[1]
MedicationOxytocin, antibiotics[1]
Prognosis~15% risk of death[3]
FrequencyAbout 1 in 6,000 deliveries[1][4]

Uterine inversion is when the uterus turns inside out, usually following childbirth.[1] Symptoms include postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure.[1] Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy.[5]

Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached.[1] Other risk factors include uterine atony, placenta previa, and connective tissue disorders.[1] Diagnosis is by seeing the inside of the uterus either in or coming out of the vagina.[2][6]

Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible.[1] If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required.[1] After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended.[1] The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached.[1]

Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries.[1][4] Rates are higher in the developing world.[1] The risk of death of the mother is about 15% while historically it has been as high as 80%.[3][1] The condition has been described since at least 300 BC by Hippocrates.[1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bhalla, Rita; Wuntakal, Rekha; Odejinmi, Funlayo; Khan, Rehan U (January 2009). "Acute inversion of the uterus". The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 11 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1576/toag.11.1.13.27463. S2CID 116580372.
  2. ^ a b Mirza, FG; Gaddipati, S (April 2009). "Obstetric emergencies". Seminars in Perinatology. 33 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.01.003. PMID 19324238.
  3. ^ a b Gandhi, Alpesh; Malhotra, Narendra; Malhotra, Jaideep; Gupta, Nidhi; Bora, Neharika Malhotra (2016). Principles of Critical Care in Obstetrics. Springer. p. 335. ISBN 9788132226925.
  4. ^ a b Andersen, H. Frank; Hopkins, Michael P. (2009). "Postpartum Hemorrhage". The Global Library of Women's Medicine. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10138.
  5. ^ Mehra, R; Siwatch, S; Arora, S; Kundu, R (12 December 2013). "Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma". BMJ Case Reports. 2013: bcr2013200578. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200578. PMC 3863018. PMID 24334469.
  6. ^ Apuzzio, Joseph J.; Vintzileos, Anthony M.; Berghella, Vincenzo; Alvarez-Perez, Jesus R. (2017). Operative Obstetrics, 4E. CRC Press. p. PT822. ISBN 9781498720588.