| VVER reactor class | |
|---|---|
 View of the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant site, with four operational VVER-1000 reactors. | |
| Generation | Generation I reactor Generation II reactor Generation III reactor Generation III+ reactor |
| Reactor concept | Pressurized water reactor |
| Reactor line | VVER (Voda Voda Energo Reactor) |
| Reactor types | VVER-210 VVER-365 VVER-440 VVER-1000 VVER-1200 VVER-TOI |
| Main parameters of the reactor core | |
| Fuel (fissile material) | 235U (LEU) |
| Fuel state | Solid |
| Neutron energy spectrum | Thermal |
| Primary control method | Control rods |
| Primary moderator | Water |
| Primary coolant | Liquid (light water) |
| Reactor usage | |
| Primary use | Generation of electricity |
| Power (thermal) | VVER-210: 760 MWth VVER-365: 1,325 MWth VVER-440: 1,375 MWth VVER-1000: 3,000 MWth VVER-1200: 3,212 MWth VVER-TOI: 3,300 MWth |
| Power (electric) | VVER-210: 210 MWel VVER-365: 365 MWel VVER-440: 440 MWel VVER-1000: 1,000 MWel VVER-1200: 1,200 MWel VVER-TOI: 1,300 MWel |
The water-water energetic reactor (WWER),[1] or VVER (from Russian: водо-водяной энергетический реактор; transliterates as vodo-vodyanoi enyergeticheskiy reaktor; water-water power reactor) is a series of pressurized water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress.[2] The idea of such a reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute by Savely Moiseevich Feinberg. VVER were originally developed before the 1970s, and have been continually updated. They were one of the initial reactors developed by the USSR, the other being the infamous RBMK. As a result, the name VVER is associated with a wide variety of reactor designs spanning from generation I reactors to modern generation III+ reactor designs. Power output ranges from 70 to 1300 MWe, with designs of up to 1700 MWe in development.[3][4] The first prototype VVER-210 was built at the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.
VVER power stations have been installed in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, China, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, India, and Iran. Countries that are planning to introduce VVER reactors include Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey. Germany shut down its VVER reactors in 1989-90,[5] and cancelled those under construction.
- ^ "Kudankulam nuclear plant starts generating power, connected to southern grid". The Times Of India.
- ^ "Historical notes". OKB Gidropress. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "WWER-type reactor plants". OKB Gidropress. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
wnn-20190614was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Nuclear Reactors in Germany", World Nuclear Association