Vaccine

For other uses, see Vaccine (disambiguation).

Vaccine
Smallpox vaccine and equipment for administering it
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A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.[1][2] The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified.[3][4] A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or alleviate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer).[5][6][7][8] Some vaccines offer full sterilizing immunity, in which infection is prevented.[9]

The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;[10] widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections.[11]

The first recorded use of inoculation to prevent smallpox occurred in the 16th century in China, with the earliest hints of the practice in China coming during the 10th century.[12] It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced.[13][14] The folk practice of inoculation against smallpox was brought from Turkey to Britain in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.[15] The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner (who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote cowpox. He used the phrase in 1798 for the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.[16] In 1881, to honor Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed.[17] The science of vaccine development and production is termed vaccinology.

Infectious diseases before and after a vaccine was introduced. Vaccinations have a direct effect on the diminishment of the number of cases and contributes indirectly to a diminishment of the number of deaths.
  1. ^ "Expanded Practice Standards" (PDF). Iowa Administrative Code. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Immunization: The Basics". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 November 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  3. ^ Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. (2018). "Successful Vaccines". In Lars Hangartner; Dennis R. Burton (eds.). Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 428. Vol. 428. Springer. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1007/82_2018_102. ISBN 978-3-030-58003-2. PMC 6777997. PMID 30046984. The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vaccines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI alliance, mathematical models project that vaccines will prevent 23.3 million deaths from 2011–2020 compared to what would have occurred if there were no vaccines available (Lee et al. 2013). Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens.
  4. ^ Zimmer, Carl (20 November 2020). "2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  5. ^ Melief CJ, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH (September 2015). "Therapeutic cancer vaccines". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (9): 3401–3412. doi:10.1172/JCI80009. PMC 4588240. PMID 26214521.
  6. ^ Bol KF, Aarntzen EH, Pots JM, Olde Nordkamp MA, van de Rakt MW, Scharenborg NM, de Boer AJ, van Oorschot TG, Croockewit SA, Blokx WA, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Mus RD, van Rossum MM, van der Graaf CA, Punt CJ, Adema GJ, Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Schreibelt G (March 2016). "Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 65 (3): 327–339. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1796-7. PMC 4779136. PMID 26861670.
  7. ^ Brotherton J (2015). "HPV prophylactic vaccines: lessons learned from 10 years experience". Future Virology. 10 (8): 999–1009. doi:10.2217/fvl.15.60.
  8. ^ Frazer IH (May 2014). "Development and implementation of papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines". Journal of Immunology. 192 (9): 4007–4011. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1490012. PMID 24748633.
  9. ^ Ledford, Heidi (17 August 2020). "What the immune response to the coronavirus says about the prospects for a vaccine". Nature. 585 (7823): 20–21. Bibcode:2020Natur.585...20L. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02400-7. PMID 32811981. S2CID 221180503.
  10. ^ *United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases. Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year."
  11. ^ World Health Organization, Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. Archived 2014-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Geneva, 2012.
  12. ^ Williams 2010, p. 60.
  13. ^ Lombard M, Pastoret PP, Moulin AM (April 2007). "A brief history of vaccines and vaccination". Revue Scientifique et Technique. 26 (1): 29–48. doi:10.20506/rst.26.1.1724. PMID 17633292. S2CID 6688481.
  14. ^ Behbehani AM (December 1983). "The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease". Microbiological Reviews. 47 (4): 455–509. doi:10.1128/MMBR.47.4.455-509.1983. PMC 281588. PMID 6319980.
  15. ^ Ferguson, Donna (28 March 2021). "How Mary Wortley Montagu's bold experiment led to smallpox vaccine – 75 years before Jenner". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  16. ^ Baxby D (January 1999). "Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis". Vaccine. 17 (4): 301–307. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00207-2. PMID 9987167.
  17. ^ Pasteur L (1881). "Address on the Germ Theory". Lancet. 118 (3024): 271–272. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)35739-8.