Vasoactive intestinal peptide

VIP
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2RRI, 2RRH
Identifiers
Aliases	VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, PHM27
External IDs	OMIM: 192320; MGI: 98933; HomoloGene: 2539; GeneCards: VIP; OMA:VIP - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (human)
End	152,759,765 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 10 (mouse)
End	5,597,617 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	appendix; ; rectum; ; gonad; ; muscle layer of sigmoid colon; ; testicle; ; gastric mucosa; ; endothelial cell; ; transverse colon; ; cingulate gyrus; ; anterior cingulate cortex;
	Top expressed in
	suprachiasmatic nucleus; ; Paneth cell; ; prefrontal cortex; ; left colon; ; primary visual cortex; ; duodenum; ; barrel cortex; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; pyloric antrum; ; ileum;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	hormone activity; protein binding; neuropeptide hormone activity; peptide hormone receptor binding;
Cellular component	extracellular region; intracellular anatomical structure; neuron projection; perikaryon;
Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; body fluid secretion; prolactin secretion; mRNA stabilization; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; innate immune response; positive regulation of protein catabolic process; regulation of protein localization; antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; regulation of signaling receptor activity; adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; learning or memory; positive regulation of epinephrine secretion; negative regulation of apoptotic process; negative regulation of potassium ion transport; epinephrine secretion; negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; regulation of sensory perception of pain; positive regulation of penile erection; phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	7432
	22353
	ENSG00000146469
	ENSMUSG00000019772
	P01282
	P32648
	NM_003381; NM_194435
	NM_011702; NM_001313969
	NP_003372; NP_919416
NP_001300898; NP_035832; NP_001394459; NP_001394460; NP_001394461;
	NP_001394462; NP_001394463
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine. VIP is a peptide of 28 amino acid residues that belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, the ligand of class II G protein–coupled receptors.^[5] VIP is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas, cortex, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.^[6]^[7]^[8] VIP stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gallbladder. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded by the VIP gene.^[9]

VIP has a half-life (t_½) in the blood of about two minutes.^[10]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146469 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019772 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Umetsu Y, Tenno T, Goda N, Shirakawa M, Ikegami T, Hiroaki H (May 2011). "Structural difference of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two distinct membrane-mimicking environments". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1814 (5): 724–30. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.009. PMID 21439408.
^ Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R (April 2015). "PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis" (PDF). Peptides. 66: 51–7. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001. hdl:2437/208376. PMID 25701761. S2CID 8300971.
^ Delgado M, Ganea D (July 2013). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions". Amino Acids. 45 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1184-8. PMC 3883350. PMID 22139413.
^ Fahrenkrug J (2010-01-01). "VIP and PACAP". Cellular Peptide Hormone Synthesis and Secretory Pathways. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 50. pp. 221–34. doi:10.1007/400_2009_24. ISBN 978-3-642-11834-0. PMID 19859678.
^ Hahm SH, Eiden LE (December 1998). "Cis-regulatory elements controlling basal and inducible VIP gene transcription". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 865 (1): 10–26. Bibcode:1998NYASA.865...10H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11158.x. PMID 9927992. S2CID 24889373.
^ Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR (January 2001). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects". Cardiovascular Research. 49 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7. PMID 11121793.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146469 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019772 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] Umetsu Y, Tenno T, Goda N, Shirakawa M, Ikegami T, Hiroaki H (May 2011). "Structural difference of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two distinct membrane-mimicking environments". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1814 (5): 724–30. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.009. PMID 21439408.

[6] Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R (April 2015). "PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis" (PDF). Peptides. 66: 51–7. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001. hdl:2437/208376. PMID 25701761. S2CID 8300971.

[7] Delgado M, Ganea D (July 2013). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions". Amino Acids. 45 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1184-8. PMC 3883350. PMID 22139413.

[8] Fahrenkrug J (2010-01-01). "VIP and PACAP". Cellular Peptide Hormone Synthesis and Secretory Pathways. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 50. pp. 221–34. doi:10.1007/400_2009_24. ISBN 978-3-642-11834-0. PMID 19859678.

[9] Hahm SH, Eiden LE (December 1998). "Cis-regulatory elements controlling basal and inducible VIP gene transcription". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 865 (1): 10–26. Bibcode:1998NYASA.865...10H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11158.x. PMID 9927992. S2CID 24889373.

[10] Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR (January 2001). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects". Cardiovascular Research. 49 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7. PMID 11121793.

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