Vēṇāṭu | |||||||||
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c. 8/9th century CE/12th century CE[1]–1729 | |||||||||
Capital | Kollam (Quilon) | ||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||
Religion | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Formation of Venad[1] | c. 8/9th century CE/12th century CE[1] | ||||||||
• Dissolution of the Kodungullur Chera Kingdom[1] | c. 1124 CE[1] | ||||||||
• Raids of Ravi Varma Kulasekhara | c. 1312–1316 CE | ||||||||
• Formation of Travancore | 1729 | ||||||||
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Part of a series on the |
History of Kerala |
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Venad was a medieval kingdom lying between the Western Ghat mountains and the Arabian Sea on the south-western tip of India with its headquarters at the port city of Kollam (Quilon).[2][1] It was one of the major principalities of Kerala, along with kingdoms of Kannur (Kolathunadu), Kozhikode (Nediyiruppu), and Kochi (Perumpadappu) in medieval and early modern period.[2][3]
Rulers of Venad trace their ancestry to the Vel chieftains related to the Ay lineage of the early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE).[4][5] Venad – ruled by hereditary "Venad Adikal" – appears as an autonomous chiefdom in the kingdom of the Chera/Perumals of Kodungallur from around 8th – 9th century CE.[4] It came to occupy a position of pre-eminent importance in the structuring of the Perumal kingdom.[6] The country was intermittently and partially subject to the Pandya kingdom in the medieval period.[1][7]
Venad outlasted the Chera/Perumal kingdom, gradually developed as an independent principality, known as the Chera kingdom[8], and grew later into modern Travancore (18th century CE).[2][1] Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, most ambitious ruler of Venad, carried out a successful military expedition to Pandya and Chola lands in the early 14th century CE.[9][6]
The rulers of Venad, known in the medieval period as Venad Cheras[8] or the Kulasekharas, claimed their ancestry from the Chera/Perumals.[6] Venad ruler Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the Vijayanagara rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded.[10] In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai.[11][12] English East India Company established a factory at Vizhinjam in 1664 and a fort was built at Ajengo in 1695.[10] The medieval feudal relations and political authority were dismantled Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), often credited as "the Maker of Travancore".[13][3] Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[14]
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