The Violent Struggle (simplified Chinese: 武斗; traditional Chinese: 武鬥; pinyin: wǔdòu), also known as Wudou or Factional Conflicts, refers to the violent conflicts between different factions (mostly of Red Guards and "rebel groups" composed mostly of students and workers) during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).[2][3][4][5][6] The factional conflicts started in Shanghai and Chongqing in December 1966, and then spread to other areas of China in 1967 which brought the country to the state of civil war.[6][7][8][9][10] Most violent struggles took place after the power seizure of rebel groups, and gradually grew out of control in 1968, forcing the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as well as the Chinese government to take multiple interventions in the summer of 1968.[11]
During much of the fighting weapons were either acquired by the rebel groups through raids on arms depots or direct support from local military establishments. Weapons used in armed conflicts included some 18.77 million guns (some say 1.877 million[12]), 2.72 million grenades, 14,828 cannons, millions of other ammunitions and even armored cars and tanks.[6] Researchers have pointed out that the death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300 thousand to 500 thousand, while certain documents from the Chinese Communist Party have revealed that 237,000 people were killed and another 7,030,000 were injured or permanently disabled.[6][13][14][15] Notable violent struggles include the battles in Chongqing, in Sichuan, and in Xuzhou.[1][6][16]
- ^ a b Buckley, Chris (2016-04-04). "Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2015-07-23). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5172-4.
- ^ Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2009-09-17). The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7033-8.
- ^ Walder, Andrew G. (December 2006). "Factional Conflict at Beijing University, 1966–1968" (PDF). The China Quarterly. 188: 1023–1047. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000531. S2CID 36643030.
- ^ Andreas, Joel (August 2002). "Battling over Political and Cultural Power during the Chinese Cultural Revolution". Theory and Society. 31 (4): 463–519. doi:10.1023/A:1020949030112. JSTOR 3108513. S2CID 55652966.
- ^ a b c d e Song, Yongyi. "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)". Sciences Po. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (2016-05-11). "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "August 2016: The Chinese Cultural Revolution at Fifty | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective". Ohio State University. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "1980年：法拉奇对话邓小平". Phoenix New Media (in Chinese). 2013-03-19. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "1980年邓小平接受外媒专访:坦率回应敏感话题". Sina (in Chinese). 2014-08-26. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "1968年大事记". The Central Government of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). 2012-02-08. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
- ^ Yang, Jisheng (2017-07-04). 天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史 (in Chinese). 天地图书.
- ^ Ding, Shu (8 April 2016). "文革死亡人数统计为两百万人". Independent Chinese PEN Center (in Chinese). Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "文革五十周年：必须再来一次反文革". www.hybsl.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
- ^ "1967:"革命样板戏"开始推行_大国脚印：网友心中60年最具影响力的60件事". Tencent (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
- ^ Ramzy, Austin (2016-05-14). "China's Cultural Revolution, Explained". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-16.