Volcanic ash

"Ash cloud" redirects here. For general topic, see Ash. For other uses, see Ash (disambiguation).

Volcanic ash streams out in an elongated fan shape as it is dispersed into the atmosphere.
Ash cloud from the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, stretching across Patagonia from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean
Ash plume rising from Eyjafjallajökull on April 17, 2010
Volcanic ash deposits on a parked McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. While falling ash behaves in a similar manner to snow, the sheer weight of deposits can cause serious damage to buildings and vehicles. In this case, volcanic ash deposits shifted the airliner's center of gravity, leading to it resting on its tail.
A thick plume of dark ash arises from the volcano's cone.
Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Islands

Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.[1] The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2 mm. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere. The force of the gases shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Ash is also produced when magma comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions, causing the water to explosively flash to steam leading to shattering of magma. Once in the air, ash is transported by wind up to thousands of kilometres away.

Due to its wide dispersal, ash can have a number of impacts on society, including animal and human health problems, disruption to aviation, disruption to critical infrastructure (e.g., electric power supply systems, telecommunications, water and waste-water networks, transportation), primary industries (e.g., agriculture), and damage to buildings and other structures.

  1. ^ Rose, W.I.; Durant, A.J. (2009). "Fine ash content of explosive eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 186 (1–2): 32–39. Bibcode:2009JVGR..186...32R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010.