| Vulvar cancer | |
|---|---|
_(14581300578).jpg) | |
| Drawing of vulvar cancer | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Lump, itchiness, changes in the skin, or bleeding of the vulva[1] |
| Usual onset | After the age of 45[2] |
| Types | Squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, basal cell carcinoma.[3] |
| Risk factors | Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), HPV infection, genital warts, smoking, many sexual partners[1][3] |
| Diagnostic method | Physical examination, tissue biopsy[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Lichen sclerosus, hyperplasia[4] |
| Prevention | HPV vaccination[5] |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic therapy[1] |
| Prognosis | Five-year survival ~ 71% (US 2015)[2] |
| Frequency | 44,200 (2018)[6] |
| Deaths | 15,200 (2018)[6] |
Vulvar cancer is a cancer of the vulva, the outer portion of the female genitals.[1] It most commonly affects the labia majora.[1] Less often, the labia minora, clitoris, or Bartholin's glands are affected.[1] Symptoms include a lump, itchiness, changes in the skin, or bleeding from the vulva.[1]
Risk factors include vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), HPV infection, genital warts, smoking, and many sexual partners.[1][3] Most vulvar cancers are squamous cell cancers.[4] Other types include adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and basal cell carcinoma.[3] Diagnosis is suspected based on physical examination and confirmed by tissue biopsy.[1] Routine screening is not recommended.[3]
Prevention may include HPV vaccination.[5] Standard treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy.[1] Vulvar cancer newly affected about 44,200 people and resulted in 15,200 deaths globally in 2018.[6] In the United States, it newly occurred in about 6,070 people with 1,280 deaths a year.[2] Onset is typically after the age of 45.[2] The five-year survival rate for vulvar cancer is around 71% as of 2015.[2] Outcomes, however, are affected by whether spread has occurred to lymph nodes.[4]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Vulvar Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "Cancer of the Vulva—Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Sam A, George J, Mathew B (April 2019). "Less Common Gynecologic Malignancies: An Integrative Review". Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 35 (2): 175–181. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2019.02.004. PMID 30867101. S2CID 76665631.
- ^ a b c "Vulvar Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ a b Signorelli C, Odone A, Ciorba V, Cella P, Audisio RA, Lombardi A, et al. (July 2017). "Human papillomavirus 9-valent vaccine for cancer prevention: a systematic review of the available evidence". Epidemiology and Infection. 145 (10): 1962–1982. doi:10.1017/S0950268817000747. PMC 5974698. PMID 28446260.
- ^ a b c "Cancer today". IARC. Retrieved 30 May 2019.