Whigs (British political party)

This article is about the political faction in England between 1678 and 1859. For the political party founded in 2014, see Whig Party (British political party). For the 19th-century American political party, see Whig Party (United States).

Whigs
Leaders
FounderAnthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
Founded1678; 346 years ago (1678)
Dissolved1859; 165 years ago (1859)
Preceded byRoundheads
Kirk Party
Merged intoLiberal Party
IdeologyWhiggism[1]

Factions:

Political positionCentre[9] to centre-left[10][11]
ReligionProtestantism[a][12]
Colours  Orange
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The Whigs were a political party in the Parliaments of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and the 1850s, the Whigs contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs became the Liberal Party when the faction merged with the Peelites and Radicals in the 1850s. Many Whigs left the Liberal Party in 1886 over the issue of Irish Home Rule to form the Liberal Unionist Party, which merged into the Conservative Party in 1912.

The Whigs began as a political faction that opposed absolute monarchy and Catholic emancipation, supporting constitutional monarchism and parliamentary government, but also Protestant supremacy. They played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and were the standing enemies of the Roman Catholic Stuart kings and pretenders. The period known as the Whig Supremacy (1714–1760) was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714 and the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1715 by Tory rebels. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession, and local political offices. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government from 1721 to 1742, and whose protégé, Henry Pelham, led the government from 1743 to 1754. Great Britain approximated a one-party state under the Whigs until King George III came to the throne in 1760 and allowed Tories back in. But the Whig Party's hold on power remained strong for many years thereafter. Thus historians have called the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the "long period of Whig oligarchy".[13] During the American Revolution, the Whigs were the party more sympathetic to American independence and the creation of a democracy in the United States.

By 1784, both the Whigs and Tories had become formal political parties, with Charles James Fox becoming the leader of a reorganized Whig Party arrayed against William Pitt the Younger's new Tories. The foundation of both parties depended more on the support of wealthy politicians than on popular votes. Although there were elections to the House of Commons, only a few men controlled most of the voters.

Both parties slowly evolved during the 18th century. In the beginning, the Whig Party generally tended to support the aristocratic families, the continued disenfranchisement of Catholics and toleration of nonconformist Protestants (dissenters such as the Presbyterians), while the Tories generally favoured the minor gentry and people who were (relatively speaking) smallholders; they also supported the legitimacy of a strongly established Church of England. (The so-called High Tories preferred high church Anglicanism, or Anglo-Catholicism. Some, particularly adherents of the non-juring schism, openly or covertly supported the exiled House of Stuart's claim to the throne—a position known as Jacobitism.) Later, the Whigs came to draw support from the emerging industrial reformists and the mercantile class while the Tories came to draw support from farmers, landowners, royalists and (relatedly) those who favoured imperial military spending.

By the first half of the 19th century, the Whig manifesto had come to encompass the supremacy of parliament, the abolition of slavery, the expansion of the franchise (suffrage) and an acceleration of the move toward complete equal rights for Catholics (a reversal of the party's late-17th-century position, which had been militantly anti-Catholic).[14]

  1. ^ "Whig and Tory". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  2. ^ Sykes, Alan (2014). "The Liberal Party: A Question of Origins: The Whigs and the politics of Reform". In Routlegde (ed.). The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism: 1776–1988. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89905-1.
  3. ^ Leach, Robert (2015). Macmillan (ed.). Political Ideology in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-1-137-33256-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021.
  4. ^ Lowe, Norman (2017). Macmillan (ed.). Mastering Modern British History. Bloomsbury. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-137-60388-3. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021.
  5. ^ Grampp, William D. (2021). "How Britain Turned to Free Trade". The Business History Review. 61 (1): 86–112. doi:10.2307/3115775. JSTOR 3115775. S2CID 154050334.
  6. ^ Jeroen Deploige; Gita Deneckere, eds. (2006). Mystifying the Monarch: Studies on Discourse, Power, and History. Amsterdam University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-90-5356-767-8. ... preference for the (conservative-liberal) Whigs. But until the second half of the nineteenth century, ...
  7. ^ Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013). In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott. Imprint Academic. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84540-468-0. ... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...
  8. ^ "Whigs and Tories".
  9. ^ James Frey, ed. (2020). The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents. Hackett Publishing. p. XXX. ISBN 978-1-62466-905-7. British politics of the first half of the nineteenth century was an ideological spectrum, with the Tories, or Conservative Party, on the right, the Whigs as liberal-centrists, and the radicals on the left.
  10. ^ Clark, Jonathan Charles Douglas (2000). English Society, 1660–1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics During the Ancien Régime. Cambridge University Press. p. 515.
  11. ^ Hay, William (2004). The Whig Revival, 1808–1830. Springer. p. 177. ISBN 1-4039-1771-X.
  12. ^ Brent, Richard (1987). "The Whigs and Protestant Dissent in the Decade of Reform: The Case of Church Rates, 1833–1841". The English Historical Review. 102 (405): 887–910. JSTOR 572000.
  13. ^ Holmes, Geoffrey; Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-317-89426-1.
  14. ^ Halevy, Elie (1950). A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, III; the Triumph of Reform (1830-1841). pp. 60–70.


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