White Deer Hole Creek

White Deer Hole Creek
White Deer Hole Creek near the Fourth Gap of South White Deer Ridge
Map showing White Deer Hole Creek, its major tributaries and watershed
Location of the Mouth of White Deer Hole Creek in Union County, Pennsylvania
Etymology	Lenape language Woap-achtu-woalhen
Location
Country	United States
State	Pennsylvania
Counties	Clinton, Lycoming, Union
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Crawford Township, Clinton County
• coordinates	41°05′19″N 77°11′38″W / 41.08861°N 77.19389°W / 41.08861; -77.19389[1]
• elevation	2,180 ft (660 m)[2]
Mouth	West Branch Susquehanna River
• location	Gregg Township, Union County
• coordinates	41°06′02″N 76°53′22″W / 41.10056°N 76.88944°W / 41.10056; -76.88944[1]
• elevation	445 ft (136 m)[2]
Length	20.5 mi (33.0 km)[2]
Basin size	67.2 sq mi (174 km2)[3]
Discharge
• location	Mouth[4]
• average	70.4 cu ft/s (1.99 m3/s)[4]
• minimum	33 cu ft/s (0.93 m3/s)
• maximum	111 cu ft/s (3.1 m3/s)
Discharge
• location	near Elimsport[5]
• average	4,200 cu ft/s (120 m3/s)[5]
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Spring Creek
• right	Beartrap Hollow

White Deer Hole Creek is a 20.5-mile (33.0 km) tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clinton, Lycoming and Union counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, the White Deer Hole Creek watershed drains parts of ten townships. The creek flows east in a valley of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians, through sandstone, limestone, and shale from the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian periods.

As of 2006, the creek and its 67.2-square-mile (174 km²) watershed are relatively undeveloped, with 28.4 percent of the watershed given to agriculture and 71.6 percent covered by forest, including part of Tiadaghton State Forest. The western part of White Deer Hole Creek has very high water quality and is the only major creek section in Lycoming County classified as Class A Wild Trout Waters, defined by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission as "streams which support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a long-term and rewarding sport fishery."^[6] The rest of the creek and its major tributary (Spring Creek) are kept stocked. There are opportunities in the watershed for canoeing, hunting, and camping, and trails for hiking and horseback riding.

Historically, two paths of the native indigenous peoples ran along parts of White Deer Hole Creek. Settlers arrived by 1770, but fled in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. They returned and the creek served as the southern boundary of Lycoming County when it was formed on April 13, 1795. A logging railroad ran along the creek from 1901 to 1904 for timber clearcutting, and small-scale lumbering continues. During World War II a Trinitrotoluene (TNT) plant, which became a federal prison in 1952, was built in the watershed. Most development is in the eastern end of the valley, with two unincorporated villages, a hamlet, and most of the farms (many Amish).