William Walker (filibuster)

William Walker
President of Nicaragua (Unrecognized)
In office July 12, 1856 – May 1, 1857
Preceded by	Patricio Rivas
Succeeded by	Máximo Jerez and Tomás Martínez
President of Sonora (Unrecognized)
In office January 21, 1854 – May 8, 1854
President of Baja California (Unrecognized)
In office November 3, 1853 – January 21, 1854
Personal details
Born	May 8, 1824 (1824-05-08) Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	September 12, 1860(1860-09-12) (aged 36) Trujillo, Colón, Honduras
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Resting place	Old Trujillo Cemetery, Trujillo, Colón, Honduras
Political party	Democratic (Nicaragua)
Alma mater	University of Nashville University of Edinburgh University of Pennsylvania Heidelberg University
Signature

William Walker (May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American physician, lawyer, journalist, and mercenary. In the era of the expansion of the United States, driven by the doctrine of "manifest destiny", Walker organized unauthorized military expeditions into Mexico and Central America with the intention of establishing colonies. Such an enterprise was known at the time as "filibustering".

After settling in California and motivated by an earlier filibustering project of Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, Walker attempted in 1853–54 to take Baja California and Sonora. He declared those territories to be an independent Republic of Sonora, but he was soon driven back to California by the Mexican forces. Walker then went to Nicaragua in 1855 as leader of a mercenary army employed by the Nicaraguan Democratic Party in its civil war against the Legitimists. He took control of the Nicaraguan government and in July 1856 set himself up as the country's president.^[1]

Walker's regime was recognized as the legitimate government of Nicaragua by US President Franklin Pierce and it initially enjoyed the support of some important sectors within Nicaraguan society.^[2] However, Walker antagonized the powerful Wall Street tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt by expropriating Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company, which operated one of the main routes for the transport of passengers going from New York City to San Francisco. The British Empire saw Walker as a threat to its interests in the possible construction of a Nicaragua Canal. As ruler of Nicaragua, Walker re-legalized slavery, albeit this measure was never enforced, and threatened the independence of neighboring Central American republics. A military coalition led by Costa Rica defeated Walker and forced him to resign the presidency of Nicaragua on May 1, 1857.^[3]

Walker then tried to re-launch his filibustering project and in 1860 he published a book, The War in Nicaragua, which cast his efforts to conquer Central America as tied to the geographical expansion of slavery. In that way, Walker sought to gain renewed support from pro-slavery forces in the Southern United States on the eve of the American Civil War. That same year Walker returned to Central America but was arrested by the Royal Navy, who handed him over to the Honduran government which executed him.