| Wolf warrior diplomacy | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 戰狼外交 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 战狼外交 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Wolf warrior diplomacy is a confrontational form of public diplomacy adopted by Chinese diplomats in the late 2010s.[2][3][4] The term was coined by Western media based on the Chinese action film franchise Wolf Warrior (2015) and its 2017 sequel.[5][4][6] This approach is in contrast to the prior diplomatic practices that emphasized the use of cooperative rhetoric and the avoidance of controversy.[2][7]
Wolf warrior diplomacy is often combative, with its proponents vocally denouncing perceived criticism of the Chinese government, its ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and associated policies on social media and in interviews, sometimes engaging in physical altercations or other forms of compellence with their opponents.[2][1][8] Wolf warrior diplomacy has been seen as part of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's efforts to bolster China's "discourse power" in international politics and a reflection of an ideological struggle with the Western world.[9] Xi's foreign policy in general, perceived anti-China hostility from the West among Chinese government officials, and shifts within the Chinese diplomatic bureaucracy have been cited as factors leading to its emergence.
- ^ a b Jiang, Steven; Westcott, Ben. "China is embracing a new brand of foreign policy. Here's what wolf warrior diplomacy means". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Yuan, Shaoyu (18 November 2023). "Tracing China's diplomatic transition to wolf warrior diplomacy and its implications". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 10 (1). doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02367-6. ISSN 2662-9992.
- ^ Mattingly, Daniel C.; Sundquist, James (24 November 2022). "When does public diplomacy work? Evidence from China's "wolf warrior" diplomats". Political Science Research and Methods. 11 (4): 921–929. doi:10.1017/psrm.2022.41. ISSN 2049-8470.
- ^ a b Huang, Zhao Alexandre (26 October 2021). ""Wolf Warrior" and China's digital public diplomacy during the COVID-19 crisis". Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. 18 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1057/s41254-021-00241-3. ISSN 1751-8040. PMC 8548864.
- ^ Liu, Kerry (3 April 2024). "China's Wolf Warrior Diplomacy (Narrative): Development, Causes, and Political Effects". Diplomatica. 6 (1): 71–99. doi:10.1163/25891774-bja10110. ISSN 2589-1766.
- ^ Martin, Peter (2021). China's Civilian Army: The Making of Wolf Warrior Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-751373-6. OCLC 1243010284.
- ^ "Europe, U.S. should say 'no' to China's 'wolf-warrior' diplomacy - EU envoy". Reuters. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Hille, Kathrin (19 October 2020). "Taiwan accuses Chinese officials of beating up diplomat in Fiji". Financial Times.
- ^ Smith, Stephen N (16 February 2021). "China's "Major Country Diplomacy": Legitimation and Foreign Policy Change". Foreign Policy Analysis. 17 (2): orab002. doi:10.1093/fpa/orab002. ISSN 1743-8586.