Chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the C chemokine family that is also known as lymphotactin. Chemokines are known for their function in inflammatory and immunological responses. This family C chemokines differs in structure and function from most chemokines.[5][6] There are only two chemokines in this family and what separated them from other chemokines is that they only have two cysteines; one N-terminal cysteine and one cysteine downstream. These both are called Lymphotactin, alpha and beta form, and claim special characteristics only found between the two. Lymphotactins can go through a reversible conformational change which changes its binding shifts.[7]
In normal tissues, XCL1 is found in high levels in spleen, thymus, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at lower levels in lung, prostate gland and ovary. Secretion of XCL1 is responsible for the increase of intracellular calcium in peripheral blood lymphocytes.[8] Cellular sources for XCL1 include activated thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T cells.[9][10][11] NK cells also secrete XCL1 along with other chemokines early in infections.[12] XCR1 expressing dendritic cells (DC) are a major target of XCL1.[12]
In humans, XCL1 is closely related to another chemokine called XCL2, whose gene is found at the same locus on chromosome 1.[11] Both of these chemokines share many genetic and functional similarities; however XCL2 has only been known to be observed in humans and not in mice.[12] XCL1 induces its chemotactic function by binding to a chemokine receptor called XCR1.[13] XCL1 is expressed on macrophages, fibroblasts, and specific lymphocytes.[6]
XCL1 is found in two metamorphic states: a monomer at 10°C, Ltn10, and a dimer at 40°C, Ltn40.[14]
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000143184 – Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ a b Szekanecz Z, Koch AE (2017). "Cell Recruitment and Angiogenesis". In Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds.). Kelly and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier. pp. 384–395. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-31696-5.00025-5. ISBN 978-0-323-31696-5.
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- ^ Yoshida T, Imai T, Takagi S, Nishimura M, Ishikawa I, Yaoi T, Yoshie O (October 14, 1996). "Structure and expression of two highly related genes encoding SCM-1/human lymphotactin". FEBS Letters. 395 (1): 82–88. Bibcode:1996FEBSL.395...82Y. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)01004-6. PMID 8849694.
- ^ Kelner GS, Kennedy J, Bacon KB, Kleyensteuber S, Largaespada DA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Bazan JF, Moore KW, Schall TJ (November 1994). "Lymphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine". Science. 266 (5189): 1395–9. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1395K. doi:10.1126/science.7973732. PMID 7973732.
- ^ Kennedy J, Kelner GS, Kleyensteuber S, Schall TJ, Weiss MC, Yssel H, Schneider PV, Cocks BG, Bacon KB, Zlotnik A (July 1995). "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of human lymphotactin". Journal of Immunology. 155 (1): 203–9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.1.203. PMID 7602097.
- ^ a b Yoshida T, Imai T, Takagi S, Nishimura M, Ishikawa I, Yaoi T, Yoshie O (October 1996). "Structure and expression of two highly related genes encoding SCM-1/human lymphotactin". FEBS Letters. 395 (1): 82–8. Bibcode:1996FEBSL.395...82Y. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)01004-6. PMID 8849694.
- ^ a b c Kroczek RA, Henn V (February 10, 2012). "The role of XCR1 and its Ligand XCL1 in antigen cross-presentation by murine and human dendritic cells". Front. Immunol. 3 (14): 14. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00014. PMC 3342032. PMID 22566900.
- ^ Yoshida T, Imai T, Kakizaki M, Nishimura M, Takagi S, Yoshie O (June 1998). "Identification of single C motif-1/lymphotactin receptor XCR1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (26): 16551–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16551. PMID 9632725.
- ^ Tyler RC, Murray NJ, Peterson FC, Volkman BF (August 2011). "Native-state interconversion of a metamorphic protein requires global unfolding". Biochemistry. 50 (33): 7077–9. doi:10.1021/bi200750k. PMC 3160782. PMID 21776971.