Xenon

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Xenon (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Xeon or Cenon.

Xenon, 54Xe
A xenon-filled discharge tube glowing light blue
Xenon
Pronunciation
Appearancecolorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Xe)
Xenon in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Kr
↑
Xe
↓
Rn
iodine ← xenon → cesium
Atomic number (Z)54
Groupgroup 18 (noble gases)
Periodperiod 5
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Physical properties
Phase at STPgas
Melting point161.40 K ​(−111.75 °C, ​−169.15 °F)
Boiling point165.051 K ​(−108.099 °C, ​−162.578 °F)
Density
when solid (at t.p.)
3.408 g/cm3[5]
(at STP)5.894 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)2.942 g/cm3[6]
Triple point161.405 K, ​81.77 kPa[7]
Critical point289.733 K, 5.842 MPa[7]
Heat of fusion2.27 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization12.64 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity21.01[8] J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 83 92 103 117 137 165
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +2, +4, +6
0,[9] +8[10]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.60
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1170.4 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2046.4 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3099.4 kJ/mol
Covalent radius140±9 pm
Van der Waals radius216 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of xenon
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for xenon
a = 634.84 pm (at triple point, 161.405 K)[5]
Thermal conductivity5.65×10−3 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[11]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−43.9×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[12]
Speed of soundgas: 178 m·s−1
liquid: 1090 m/s
CAS Number7440-63-3
History
Discovery and first isolationWilliam Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)
Isotopes of xenon
Main isotopes[13] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
124Xe 0.095% 1.8×1022 y[14] εε 124Te
125Xe synth 16.9 h β+ 125I
126Xe 0.0890% stable
127Xe synth 36.345 d ε 127I
128Xe 1.91% stable
129Xe 26.4% stable
130Xe 4.07% stable
131Xe 21.2% stable
132Xe 26.9% stable
133Xe synth 5.247 d β− 133Cs
134Xe 10.4% stable
135Xe synth 9.14 h β− 135Cs
136Xe 8.86% 2.165×1021 y[15][16] β−β− 136Ba
 Category: Xenon
| references

Xenon is a chemical element; it has symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a dense, colorless, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.[17] Although generally unreactive, it can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.[18][19][20]

Xenon is used in flash lamps[21] and arc lamps,[22] and as a general anesthetic.[23] The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe2) as the lasing medium,[24] and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps.[25] Xenon is also used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles[26] and as a propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.[27]

Naturally occurring xenon consists of seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay, and the isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System.[28] Radioactive xenon-135 is produced by beta decay from iodine-135 (a product of nuclear fission), and is the most significant (and unwanted) neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.[29]

  1. ^ "xenon". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
  2. ^ "Xenon". Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  3. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon". CIAAW. 1999.
  4. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  5. ^ a b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  6. ^ "Xenon". Gas Encyclopedia. Air Liquide. 2009.
  7. ^ a b Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.123. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
  8. ^ Hwang, Shuen-Cheng; Weltmer, William R. (2000). "Helium Group Gases". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 0-471-23896-1.
  9. ^ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe42+).
  10. ^ Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the p block. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9.
  11. ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  12. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  13. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  14. ^ "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124Xe with XENON1T". Nature. 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.
  15. ^ Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C. 89. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502.
  16. ^ Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). "Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of 136Xe". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e3003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003.
  17. ^ "Xenon". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  18. ^ Husted, Robert; Boorman, Mollie (December 15, 2003). "Xenon". Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemical Division. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  19. ^ Rabinovich, Viktor Abramovich; Vasserman, A. A.; Nedostup, V. I.; Veksler, L. S. (1988). Thermophysical properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. National Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR. Vol. 10. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp. Bibcode:1988wdch...10.....R. ISBN 0-89116-675-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference beautiful was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference burke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference mellor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Sanders, Robert D.; Ma, Daqing; Maze, Mervyn (2005). "Xenon: elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice". British Medical Bulletin. 71 (1): 115–35. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh034. PMID 15728132.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference basov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference toyserkani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Ball, Philip (May 1, 2002). "Xenon outs WIMPs". Nature. doi:10.1038/news020429-6. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference saccoccia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference kaneoka was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference stacey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).