Yamal (icebreaker)

Yamal during the removal of the North Pole-36 drifting station in 2009.
History
Name	Yamal (Ямал)
Namesake	Yamal Peninsula
Owner	Russian Federation
Operator	FSUE Atomflot
Port of registry	Murmansk,  Russia
Builder	Baltic Shipyard
Laid down	1986
Launched	1989
Commissioned	October 1992
Identification	IMO number: 9077549 MMSI number: 273132400 Callsign: UCJT
Status	In active service
General characteristics [1]
Class and type	Arktika-class icebreaker
Displacement	23,000 tons
Length	148 m (486 ft)
Beam	30 m (98 ft)
Draught	11 m (36 ft)
Depth	17.2 m (56 ft)
Installed power	Two OK-900A nuclear reactors (2 × 171 MW) Two steam turbogenerators (2 × 27.6 MW)
Propulsion	Nuclear-turbo-electric Three shafts (3 × 18 MW)
Speed	20.6 knots (38.2 km/h; 23.7 mph) (maximum)
Endurance	7.5 months
Crew	189
Aircraft carried	1 × Mi-2, Mi-8 or Ka-27 helicopter
Aviation facilities	Helipad and hangar for one helicopter

Yamal (Russian: Ямал) is a Russian Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreaker operated by Atomflot (formerly by the Murmansk Shipping Company). She is named after the Yamal Peninsula in Northwest Siberia; the name means End of the Land in Nenets.

Laid down in Leningrad in 1986, and commissioned in October 1992, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, she filled her designed role of keeping shipping lanes open and also carried passengers on Arctic excursions. In July 1994 Yamal took an excursion to the North Pole, with the NSF (National Science Foundation – US), to celebrate the official maiden voyage. While at the exact North Pole (verified by GPS & Inmarsat satellite coordinates) the crew and passengers celebrated with a barbeque – the ambient temperature was −23 °C (−9 °F) (wind gusts were measured at −40 °C (−40 °F)). Because of the ship 90/90 coordinates the ship captain (Smirnov) organized a swimming party with Will Rountree (US) being recorded as the first person to ever swim there (21 July 1994) – water temperature was below freezing, ranging from 0 to −1.8 °C (32 to 29 °F). ^{[citation needed]} In 2007 Lewis Gordon Pugh swam a kilometer at the North Pole, having sailed there aboard Yamal.^[2]

Yamal is equipped with a double hull. The outer hull is 48 mm (1.89 in) thick where ice is met and 25 mm (0.98 in) elsewhere and has a polymer coating to reduce friction. There is water ballast between the inner and outer hulls which can be shifted in order to aid icebreaking. Icebreaking is also assisted by an air bubbling system which can deliver 24 m³/s (850 cu ft/s) of air from jets 9 m (30 ft) below the surface. Yamal can break ice while making way either forwards or backwards.

Yamal is one of the Russian Arktika family of icebreakers, the most powerful icebreakers in the world. These ships must cruise in cold water to cool their reactors^{[failed verification]}, so they cannot pass through the tropics to undertake voyages in the Southern hemisphere.^[3]

Yamal carries one helicopter and several Zodiac boats. Radio and satellite communications systems are installed which can provide navigation, telephone, fax, and email services. Amenities include a large dining room (capable of holding all 100 passengers in one sitting), a library, passenger lounge, auditorium, volleyball court, gymnasium, heated indoor swimming pool, a sauna, and an infirmary. She is equipped with 50 passenger cabins and suites, all with toilets, exterior windows, a television, and a desk.

Yamal also played a significant role in creation of annual travel expeditions to the North Pole, being one of the few vessels capable of getting there and bringing tourists with it in safety. Since 1993 the icebreaker was operated by Murmansk Shipping Company and in 2001–2008 the operation was made by Murmansk Shipping Company and Poseidon Expeditions.^[4] Yamal has made a total of 47 voyages^[5] to the North Pole.