| Yekatit 12 | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Second Italo–Ethiopian War | |
 Ethiopian victims of the Yekatit 12 massacre being unloaded from a truck | |
| Location | Addis Ababa |
| Date | 19 February 1937 |
Attack type | Massacre, internment, reprisal |
| Deaths | Estimates range from 1,400 to 30,000 Ethiopian civilians |
| Victims | Ethiopian civilians, Ethiopian Arbegnoch |
| Perpetrators |  Royal Italian Army |
Yekatit 12 (Amharic: የካቲት ፲፪, romanized: Yekatīt 12), also known in Italy as the Addis Ababa massacre (Italian: Strage di Addis Ababa), is a date in the Ge'ez calendar which refers to the massacre and imprisonment of Ethiopians by the Italian occupation forces following an attempted assassination of Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Marquis of Negele, Viceroy of Italian East Africa, on 19 February 1937. Graziani had led the Italian forces to victory over the Ethiopians in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and was supreme governor of Italian East Africa. It has been described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history.[1]
Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the three days that followed the attempt on Graziani's life. Ethiopian sources claimed the Italians killed 30,000 people, while other estimates typically range between 1,400 and 6,000 deaths;[2] a 2017 study of the massacre stated that approximately 19,200 people were killed, 20 percent of the population of Addis Ababa.[1] Over the following week, numerous Ethiopians suspected of opposing Italian rule were rounded up and executed, including members of the Black Lions and other members of the aristocracy. Emperor Haile Selassie had sent 125 men abroad to receive college education, but most of them were killed.[3] Many more were imprisoned, even collaborators such as Ras Gebre Haywot, the son of Ras Mikael of Wollo, Brehane Markos, and Ayale Gebre, who had helped the Italians identify the two men who made an attempt on Graziani's life.[4]
Following the massacre, Graziani was deposed by Benito Mussolini and replaced by Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who followed a more conciliatory policy towards the natives, obtaining a huge success in pacifying Ethiopia.[5]
- ^ a b Campbell, Ian (20 July 2017). "Italy and the Addis Ababa massacre". The Economist. Vol. 418, no. 9053. London. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
- ^ Del Boca, Angelo (2014). Italiani, brava gente? [Italians, Good People?] (in Italian). Vicenza: Neri Pozza. p. 222. ISBN 978-88-6559-178-9.
- ^ Keller, Edmund Joseph (1991). Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic. Midland Books (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-025320646-6.
- ^ Sbacchi, Alberto (1 August 1977). "Italy and the Treatment of the Ethiopian Aristocracy, 1937-1940". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 10 (2). Boston: African Studies Center of the Boston University Pardee School of Global Studies: 209–241. doi:10.2307/217347. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 217347.
- ^ Knox, MacGregor (2005). Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. ACLS History E-Book Project. p. 150. OCLC 278096179.