Zhuge Liang | |
|---|---|
諸葛亮 | |
 An illustration of Zhuge Liang | |
| Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han | |
| In office 229 – September or October 234 | |
| In office May 221 – 228 | |
| Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
| General of the Right | |
| In office 228–229 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Governor of Yi Province | |
| In office 223 – September or October 234 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Wan (as Inspector) |
| Colonel-Director of Retainers | |
| In office 221 – September or October 234 | |
| Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Zhang Fei |
| Deputy Head of the Secretariat | |
| In office 221 – September or October 234 | |
| Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Wan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 181 Yinan County, Shandong |
| Died | September or October 234 (aged 53)[a][1] Wuzhang Plains, Shaanxi |
| Resting place | Mount Dingjun, Shaanxi |
| Spouse | Lady Huang |
| Relations |
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| Children |
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| Parent |
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| Occupation | Statesman, military leader, scholar, inventor |
| Courtesy name | Kongming (孔明) |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Zhongwu (忠武侯) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Wu District (武鄉侯) |
| Nicknames | "Sleeping Dragon" (臥龍 / 伏龍) |
| Zhuge Liang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 諸葛亮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 诸葛亮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 孔明 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zhuge Liang () (181 – September or October 234),[a] also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.[1]
He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon").
Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism[2] as well as Confucianism.[3] He was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang,[4] and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler.[5] He compared himself with Guan Zhong,[2] developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.[6] He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei,[3] refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.[7]
Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name. In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Sima Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi, and Yue Yi.[8]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 1172.
- ^ a b Dillon (1998), p. 389.
- ^ a b Guo & Guo (2008), p. 38.
- ^ (老子长于养性，不可以临危难。商鞅长于理法，不可以从教化。苏、张长于驰辞，不可以结盟誓。白起长于攻取，不可以广众。子胥长于图敌，不可以谋身。尾生长于守信，不可以应变。王嘉长于遇明君，不可以事暗主。许子将长于明臧否，不可以养人物。此任长之术者也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 2.
- ^ (故为君之道，以教令为先，诛罚为后，不教而战，是谓弃之。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.(君臣之政，其犹天地之象，天地之象明，则君臣之道具矣。君以施下为仁，臣以事上为义。二心不可以事君，疑政不可以授臣。上下好礼，则民易使，上下和顺，则君臣之道具矣。君以礼使臣，臣以忠事君。君谋其政，臣谋其事。政者，正名也，事者，劝功也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Deng 2007was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Auyang (2014), p. 290.
- ^ Ouyang Xiu; Song Qi, eds. (1060). "vol. 15: treatise 5 on rites and music". Xin Tang Shu 新唐書.
上元元年，尊太公為武成王，祭典與文宣王比，以歷代良將為十哲象坐侍。秦武安君白起、漢淮陰侯韓信、蜀丞相諸葛亮、唐尚書右僕射衛國公李靖、司空英國公李勣列於左，漢太子少傅張良、齊大司馬田穰苴、吳將軍孫武、魏西河守吳起、燕晶國君樂毅列於右，以良為配。