Zinc L-carnosine

Zinc L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc[1]) (N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc[2]), often simply called zinc carnosine, and also known as polaprezinc,[3] is a mucosal protective[4][5] chelate compound of zinc and L-carnosine invented by Hamari Chemicals, Ltd.[6][7] It is a quadridentate 1:1 complex of a polymeric nature.[6] Although it contains 23% zinc and 77% L-carnosine by mass,[8] zinc carnosine is a molecule and not a mixture of zinc and L-carnosine.

It is an approved drug requiring a medical prescription in Japan and South Korea where it is clinically used to treat gastric ulcers.[3][9] Clinical studies have also shown its efficacy for oral mucositis, esophagitis, proctitis, taste alteration and dermatitis during and after radiotherapy.[10][11] In the United States, zinc carnosine is regulated as a New Dietary Ingredient, where notification with the US-FDA is required.[12] In Australia, it is regulated as a complementary medicine.[13] In Canada, it is regulated as a Natural Health Product.[14]

  1. ^ Yamaguchi M (1995). "beta-Alanyl-L-histidinato zinc and bone resorption". General Pharmacology. 26 (6): 1179–83. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)00008-o. PMID 7590105. beta-Alanyl-L-histidinato zinc (AHZ), in which zinc is chelated to beta-alanyl-L-histidine, is a new zinc compound.
  2. ^ Yoshikawa T, Naito Y, Kondo M (1993). "Antioxidant therapy in digestive diseases". Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 39 (Suppl): S35–41. doi:10.3177/jnsv.39.supplement_s35. PMID 8164065. Zinc-carnosine (Z-103), N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc, is a chelate compound consisting of zinc ion and L-carnosine
  3. ^ a b Takei M (2012). "[Development of polaprezinc research]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 132 (3): 271–7. doi:10.1248/yakushi.132.271. PMID 22382829. Polaprezinc (Promac(®), Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), a chelate compound consisting of zinc and L-carnosine, is a zinc-related medicine approved for the first time in Japan, which has been clinically used to treat gastric ulcers. Its mechanism of action is believed to oxygen radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, and acceleration of wound healing.
  4. ^ Palileo C, Kaunitz JD (2011). "Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 27 (6): 543–8. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834b3fcb. PMC 5667561. PMID 21897225. The mucosal protective drug polaprezinc exhibits ROS-quenching activities.
  5. ^ Dajani EZ, Klamut MJ (2000). "Novel therapeutic approaches to gastric and duodenal ulcers: an update". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 9 (7): 1537–44. doi:10.1517/13543784.9.7.1537. PMID 11060758. S2CID 28302630.
    •Polaprezinc and nocloprost are also mucosal protective drugs, which are in clinical development.
    •Its mechanism of action is not totally known, but it has been shown to stimulate mucus production and to maintain the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier [51].
  6. ^ a b Matsukura T, Tanaka H (2000). "Applicability of zinc complex of L-carnosine for medical use". Biochemistry. 65 (7): 817–23. PMID 10951100. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  7. ^ Matsukura T, Takahashi T, Nishimura Y, Ohtani T, Sawada M, Shibata K (November 1990). "Characterization of crystalline L-carnosine Zn(II) complex (Z-103), a novel anti-gastric ulcer agent: tautomeric change of imidazole moiety upon complexation". Chem Pharm Bull. 38 (11): 3140–3146. doi:10.1248/cpb.38.3140. PMID 2085900.
  8. ^ Sakae K, Yanagisawa H (2014). "Oral treatment of pressure ulcers with polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine complex): 8-week open-label trial". Biological Trace Element Research. 158 (3): 280–8. doi:10.1007/s12011-014-9943-5. PMID 24691900. S2CID 2116866.
    •Patients with stage II-IV pressure ulcers for ≥ 8 weeks received 150 mg/day polaprezinc (containing 116 mg L-carnosine and 34 mg zinc) per os for a maximum of 8 weeks.
    •Serum zinc levels increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas serum copper levels (P= 0.001) and copper/zinc ratios (P < 0.001) decreased significantly. In one patient, preexisting copper deficiency deteriorated.
  9. ^ Ooi TC, Chan KM, Sharif R (2017). "Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Genomic Stability Enhancement Effects of Zinc l-carnosine: A Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Agent?". Nutrition and Cancer. 69 (2): 201–210. doi:10.1080/01635581.2017.1265132. PMID 28094570. S2CID 40817163. Zinc L-carnosine (ZnC), which is clinically used as gastric ulcer treatment in Japan, has been suggested to have the potential in preventing cancer development. Multiple studies have revealed that ZnC possesses potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and genomic stability enhancement effects.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid30074413 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Zeria Of Japan Obtains Korean Approval For Ulcer Drug Polaprezinc". Pink Sheet - Informa Pharma Intelligence. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  12. ^ "Lonza Announces New Dietary Supplement Ingredient PepZin GI™". New Hope Network. 18 September 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Therapeutic Goods (Permissible Ingredients) Determination (No.1) 2020 - Volume 5". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Chemical Substance - Polaprezinc". Natural Health Products Ingredients Database. Health Canada. 26 July 2004. Retrieved 28 May 2020.